The Addiction Should Be Defined - 1407 Words

First, addiction should be defined. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, addiction is defined as, â€Å"The state or condition of being dedicated or devoted to a thing, esp. an activity or occupation; adherence or attachment, esp. of an immoderate or compulsive kind.† Now with this definition, it seems like people can be addicted to just about anything. That being said, there are two main types of addictions; behavioral and substance. Behavioral addiction is defined by the American Addiction Centers as â€Å"The compulsion to continually engage in an activity or behavior despite the negative impact on the person’s ability to remain mentally and/or physically healthy and functional in the home and community.† Simply put, people with behavioral†¦show more content†¦As defined by the English Oxford Dictionary, a disease is â€Å"a disorder of structure or function...that produces specific symptoms.† When an individual develops an addiction, pe ople often face changes both in their brain structure and function. In order to determine whether or not addiction is a brain disease, the brain of addicts must be looked at. Most addictions, both behavioral and substance, deal with the regions of the brain that are associated with dopamine release. Dopamine works in a small area of the brain known as the nucleus accumbens. The nucleus accumbens is also central for attention and habit formation. When functioning normally, the brain rewards us for normal activities such as eating. Dopamine levels when eating are measured and released slowly. However, certain activities and drugs cause the dopamine to be released at a far more rapid rate. This causes what is known as the state of being high. As an addict continues to abuse the drug or activity, the brain reduces the number of dopamine receptors. This causes the person to experience what is known as a crash when the effects begin to die down. This crash can lead to the addict feeling lethargic and depressed. In order to avoid this crash, addicts will continue to use the drug to stay high. However, the longer the person is using the drug or activity, the harder it will become to achieve the level of high they are looking for. 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Conductng a Internal Analysis Within Kraft’s Corporation Free Essays

string(145) " quarter would be flat to down due to a comparison with the years earlier period when retailers increased orders in advance of a price increase\." CONDUCTING AN INTERNAL ANALYSIS WITHIN KRAFT’S CORPORATION INTERNAL ANALYSIS AND SWOT ANALYSIS TRIDENT UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL AVIE MARIE JOHNSTONE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT MGT599 MODULE 2 SESSION LONG PROJECT PROFESSOR LARRY BANKS NOVEMBER 5, 2012 Rapid growth and under developed financial and operational controls are common characteristics of many start-up operations, including companies, joint ventures, departments and divisions. Inadequate or improperly working controls can lead to fraud, loss of customers, and even business failure. Managers of start-up operations often fail to adequately address the need for controls because they lack the knowledge of how to address control risk, lack resources to address control risk, or they perceive other issues as being more critical. We will write a custom essay sample on Conductng a Internal Analysis Within Kraft’s Corporation or any similar topic only for you Order Now The manager’s dilemma is how to efficiently balance the need for strong controls with the everyday demands associated with running a newly formed business. (Denise Dickins, Margaret O’Hara, John Reisch). (2009). Resources are the inputs into a production process. They can be capital, equipment, patents, skill sets of individual employees and/or managers, financial resources, etc. Resources can be tangible or intangible. Individually, they may not necessarily lead to a competitive advantage – it is how they are used and the synergies they create that make them strategically valuable. Give me as much information as you can find about the following as it relates to the Kraft Foods Company: Tangible Resources Physical Resources SP Dow Jones Indices, a unit of McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. , said that Kraft Foods Group Inc. will replace Alpha Natural Resources Inc. n the SP 500, Alpha Natural Resources will replace Korn/Ferry International in the SP Mid Cap 400, and Korn/Ferry will replace Pulse Electronics Corp. in the SP Small Cap 600 after the close of trading on Monday, October 1. SP 100 500 constituent Kraft Foods Inc. is spinning off Kraft Foods Group to shareholders in a transaction expected to be effective after the close of trading o n that date. The Kraft Foods stub, which will change its name to Mondelez International Inc. and its ticker symbol to MDLZ, will remain in the SP 100 500. (Kraft Foods Group to Replace Alpha Natural Resources In SP 500). Nov. 7, 2012). 2. Financial Resources Kraft Foods, the newly independent company that was spun-off from its parent last month, reported stronger-than-expected third-quarter earnings and sales on Wednesday and reaffirmed its full-year guidance. The North American grocery business operating brands such as Oscar Mayer and Kraft cheese posted net earnings of $470 million, or 79 cents a share, compared with a year-earlier profit of $417 million, or 70 cents. (Jennifer Booton). (November 7, 2012). Analysts in a Thomson Reuters poll were looking for earnings of just 69 cents. A reflection of stronger volumes and pricing as well as increased advertising investment, revenue for the three-month period ended Sept. 30 grew 3% to $4. 61 billion from $4. 47 billion a year ago, edging above the Street’s view of $4. 56 billion. For the fiscal year of 2013, Kraft Foods had reaffirmed the GAAP EPS view of $2. 60 stating that the revenue was expected to grow in line with the North American food and beverage market. The consensus, excluding special items, was to look for a full of year earnings of $2. 66 on sales of $19. 28 billion. (Jennifer Booton). (November 7, 2012). 3. Human Resources The food industry is one of the most highly competitive centers of commerce worldwide. Consumer demand for high-value, healthy, convenient foods; advancing technology; globalization; and new distribution methods keep leaders and frontline employees in a state of constant change with comparable demands on human resources professionals. (IBM). (30-Jun-2010). â€Å"It shows just how open Kraft Foods is to new approaches. † That focus has helped Kraft Foods become the world’s second-largest food company, with annual revenues of approximately US$50 billion and sales in more than 160 countries. It also keeps HR strategists on the lookout for better ways to attract and recruit key talent, streamline processes and maintain operational excellence. (IBM). (30-Jun-2010). Kraft Foods decision makers determined that one lever to support those efforts and an ambitious multiyear transformation was to outsource selective back-office functions, said Karen Isaacson, Kraft Foods’ vice president of HR administration outsourcing. To that end, they sought a transformation partner that could deliver an integrated solution to help them meet technology and functional needs, and support their growth strategy. Kraft Foods’ search led to IBM. (IBM). (30-Jun-2010). 4. Other? Kraft Foods Group Inc stood by its full-year outlook on Wednesday as it works to better tailor its product portfolio to a weak economy in North America, the only region the newly independent company now operates in. Kraft was spun off last month from the maker of Cadbury chocolates and Oreo cookies, which goes by the name of Mondelez International. Unlike Mondelez, which got some 45 percent of its sales from developing markets, Kraft focused on slower growing North America? Jennifer Booton). (November 7, 2012). Further, U. S. consumers face stubbornly high unemployment and slow economic growth. In the weakened economy, Kraft had to drive their sales volume with more advertising and a greater range of products and prices, in what they called a â€Å"good, better, best† strategy. (Martinne Geller). (February 10, 2009). â€Å"The economic environment has not improved and that creates a burning platform for Kr aft, our customers and our industry. † Kraft shares were down 22 cents, or 0. 5 percent, at $44. 48 in late morning trade. The broader market, as measured by the SP 500 index, was down more than 2 percent, a day. Kraft said net income rose to $470 million, or 79 cents per share, from $417 million, or 70 cents per share, a year earlier. Revenue increased 3 percent to $4. 61 billion. Most of the increase came from volume gains and selling a more expensive mix of products, with a smaller contribution from price increases. (Martinne Geller). (February 10, 2009). The company affirmed its 2013 outlook, calling for earnings of $2. 60 per share and revenue growth in line with the rest of the North American food and beverage market. Kraft’s revenue in the current fourth quarter would be flat to down due to a comparison with the years earlier period when retailers increased orders in advance of a price increase. You read "Conductng a Internal Analysis Within Kraft’s Corporation" in category "Essay examples" Kraft would eventually lose sales of some of its products that it pruned from its portfolio. (Martinne Geller). (February 10, 2009). Intangible Resources 1. Technical Resources In applications from salty to sweet, the Kraft Food Ingredients technology team did offer ingredient solutions and application technology across a wide range of manufacturing processes. (Ask KFIC). (2010). Leveraging the knowledge of the parent company Kraft, there was an understanding of the basic science of food processing, as well as the art. In the dedicated application labs, Kraft Foods place a special emphasis on developing cost reduction technologies, translating to lower finished product costs for the customer. Kraft’s employers were the leaders in flavor technology and did play a key role in identifying the best ingredient solution for their needs. The employers of Kraft provided onsite regulatory, quality and specification management and offer pilot plant facilities dedicated to developing ingredients for application evaluation. Ask KFIC). (2010). 2. Intellectual Resources In perspective of Kraft’s complete understanding of the entire gamut of business across every employee. Increase in intellectual capital came along with new business ideas better practices. Developing expertise in business management; focusing on making the business to be a pioneer. Creation of staff slots, keeping good employees within the company. Tight Integration: Reduced cost, build brands develop people. (Jennifer Booton). (November 7, 2012). 3. Goodwill Company Profile The value of business goodwill is in the throws of a major revival under the tent of mutual interest and partnership. Amid a global partnering boom, the future value of your business is at stake. Go-it-alone competitive practices are for the scrapbook. (Jennifer Booton). (November 7, 2012). Partnering opportunities created by the communications and distribution revolution along with a global explosion in consumption and production are reshaping the ability of companies to reach larger audiences and acquire value creating resources. A growing number of countries are announcing international business alliances. Small to large enterprises are discovering partners across the global Internet. Nearly any business conference you attend this year is sure to feature passionate evangelists espousing the virtues of strategic alliances and economic goodwill. (Jennifer Booton). (November 7, 2012). Kraft Foods Inc. goodwill also engaged in manufacturing and marketing packaged food products, including snacks, beverages, cheese, convenient meals and various packaged grocery products. During the year ended December 31, 2008, the Company had operations in more than 70 countries and sold the products in approximately 150 countries. The company managed and operated, through two commercial units: Kraft North America and Kraft International Kraft North America which operates in the United States and Canada. On August 4, 2008, the company completed the spin-off of its post cereals business. The brands of the company span five consumer sectors: snacks, beverages, cheese, grocery and convenient meals. (Jennifer Booton). (November 7, 2012). Valuation Summary: †¢Last Updated 10/23/2009 †¢MG Value $11 †¢MG Opinion Overvalued †¢Value Based on 3% Growth $23 †¢Value Based on 0% Growth $14 Market Implied Growth Rate 4. 15% †¢Net Current Asset Value -$19. 44 †¢PEmg 16. 80 †¢Current Ratio 1. 13 †¢PB Ratio 1. 64 (Martinne Geller). (February 10, 2009). Key Data: Balance Sheet – 6/30/2009 †¢Current Assets $11,688,000,000 †¢Current Liabilities $10,303,000,000 †¢Total Debt $18,610,000,000 †¢Total Assets $64,654,000,000 †¢Intangible Assets $13,257,000,000 †¢Goodwill $28,225,000,000 †¢Total Liabilities $40,358,000,000 †¢Outstanding Shares 1,474,970,000 (Martinne Geller). (February 10, 2009). Earnings Per Share – Diluted 2009 (estimate) $1. 93 †¢2008 $1. 22 †¢2007 $1. 48 †¢2006 $1. 71 †¢2005 $1. 72 †¢2004 $1. 56 †¢2003 $1. 96 †¢2002 $1. 90 †¢2001 $1. 17 †¢2000 $1. 38 †¢1999 $1. 20 (Martinne Geller). (February 10, 2009). Earnings Per Share – Modern Graham †¢2009 (estimate) $1. 61 †¢2008 $1. 48 †¢2007 $1. 63 †¢2006 $1. 73 †¢2005 $1. 71 †¢2004 $1. 67 †¢Valuation History: 10/23/09 – Value $11, Actual Price $27. 01, Overvalued Speculative 7/17/09 – Value $10, Actual Price $27. 30, Overvalued Speculative (Martinne Geller). (February 10, 2009). 4. Other (cultural, reputational, strategic alliances)? How will the business acquire goodwill? It is cultivated through the best of practices, such as good governance, customer service, efficiency, branding, pricing fairness, innovation, authenticity, consideration, cooperation, collaboration, thoughtfulness, decency, understanding, trust and community. (Anirban Mazumdar). (Mar 24, 2012). This result is reflected in the valuation of the business reputation as measured by the loyalty of the customer’s base and the reliability, stability and good practices of management and its employees. The dollar amount of Kraft’s good represented the excess price over fair market value that the consumers expected to get at the takeover of the company. (Anirban Mazumdar). (Mar 24, 2012). Alliance minded executives use their goodwill on a daily basis in communicating with stakeholders. Without the consistent expression of goodwill, they knew, it was virtually impossible to sustain a partnering synergy that could build goodwill and benefits all stakeholders. The alternative course would in time result in stagnation. (Anirban Mazumdar). (Mar 24, 2012). Fostering goodwill among the stakeholders prepared their organization for partnering. The commitment to goodwill created change and built value. Apply goodwill on a daily basis. It may be your most powerful strategy in preparing for, processing and succeeding in the formation of alliances. To develop a continuous UVP plan extends your alliance road map by duplicating your forecast calculations to include all potential alliances you foresee into the future. How far can you go using this strategy? If possible, don’t stop until you’re able to imagine this process reaching a global scale or an exit strategy. Finally, your alliance plan must weigh alliance costs and risks against the benefits/costs/risks of alternative strategies. (Anirban Mazumdar). (Mar 24, 2012). Whether your enterprise takes the role of a marketer or a supplier, you should consider formulating a phased in partnership plan containing a list of target partner prospects, financial validations, and a timeline and undertake a marketing initiative aimed at shaping a receptive and synergistic relationship with partner executives and operational teams. Executing the plan is your next challenge. Don’t hesitate to seek help in developing your plan and making it happen. (Anirban Mazumdar). (Mar 24, 2012). Early 21st Century: Integrating Nabisco into Kraft Foods Inc. and an IPO Philip Morris completed its acquisition of Nabisco in December 2000 and immediately began integrating the Nabisco operations into those of Kraft Foods and Kraft Foods International. In March 2001 Philip Morris created a new holding company for the combined operations known as Kraft Foods Inc. The previous Kraft Foods was renamed Kraft Foods North America, giving the new Kraft Foods two main units: Kraft Foods North America and Kraft Foods International. The two CEOs of these units were, Betsy D. Holden and Roger K. Deromedi, respectively, however, they were also named co-CEOs of Kraft Foods Inc. In June 2001 Philip Morris sold a 16. 1 percent stake in Kraft Foods to the public, retaining the remaining shares. The second largest IPO in U. S. history, the offering raised $8. 8 billion, which Philip Morris earmarked to reduce debt it had incurred in acquiring Nabisco. (Kraft Foods Inc. History). (2002). As it was integrating Nabisco and attempting to meet the anticipated annual cost savings of $600 million by 2003, Kraft Foods also began divesting some of the marginal brands it had acquired in the takeover. By late 2001, the company had announced that it had reached an agreement to sell the Farley’s and Sathers confection brands as well as its Mexican pasta business, which included the Yemina and Vesta brands. Additional divestments were expected for Kraft, which as one of the top two food companies in the world with revenues approaching $35 billion could be very choosy about which brands to retain in its very powerful portfolio. (Kraft Foods Inc. History). (2002). Dorria L. Ball is the senior director of Human Resources, Beverages, for Kraft Foods, headquartered in Tarrytown, NY. In her role, Ms. Ball and her team are responsible for developing and leading the implementation of all human resources strategies and activities in support for all Beverages Business unit functions from marketing to manufacturing. Ms. Ball has worked as an employee with Kraft Corp. for over 18 years in Sales Management, where she held numerous assignments of increasing responsibility, calling on customers and leading teams. She transitioned into human resources in 1994 and has since held a variety of human resources generalist and specialist assignments across a number of functions and business sectors. Most recently, Ms. Ball became the Senior Director of Global Diversity and Work Life, where she was responsible for developing and implementing the Global Diversity and Work Life strategy for Kraft Foods worldwide. Dorria L. Ball). (Feb. 2007). Further, Ms. Ball is one of the founding members of ASCENT, and was formerly on the Conference Board’s Council on Workforce Diversity, the Thurgood Marshall Scholarship Fund advisory board, the steering team of the William J. Clinton Foundation’s Harlem Small Business Initiative, and the Boston College Global Workforce Roundtable Steering Committee. In addi tion, Ms. Ball is a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority and the Abyssinian Baptist Church. (Dorria L. Ball). (Feb. 2007). Distinctive capabilities are those competencies possessed by a firm that cannot be copied or can be replicated only with great difficulty or resources. Determine the distinctive capabilities of the Kraft Foods Company as it relates to as many of the following as you can: 1) Architecture An American food favorite, Kraft Macaroni Cheese Dinner has been serving up smiles since 1937. Long highly relevant and visible, Kraft Foods wanted to ensure its brand was differentiated and that it would reach its full potential moving into the future. Over the years it had also created a range of Macaroni Cheese sub-brands that fragmented its core brand. Macaroni Cheese, Easy Mac, and Deluxe were all highly successful, but would benefit from a more prominent association with Kraft Foods. In summer 2009, the Kraft Macaroni Cheese team approached Landor with a challenge: to refresh and contemporize its look, help differentiate itself better from competitors, and visually streamline its portfolio of over 50 Macaroni Cheese products. (Landor Associates). (June 2011). Kraft’s brand promise was to bring smiles to everyone’s faces, and through research, it learned that it owned several compelling equities in customer’s minds: happy, smiles, and joy. Inspired by these emotions, the company arrived at the metaphor of a county fair just like a day at the fair Kraft Macaroni Cheese is a source of all American joy for the whole family. Drawing from the county fair metaphor, a new designed a new brand identity and packaging. The concept was further brought to life through improved brand architecture that united the portfolio of Kraft Macaroni Cheese sub-brands under one brand promise, Landor’s visually unified them, and emphasized their connection to each other and Kraft Foods. Landor Associates). (June 2011). To help establish proprietary equities, Kraft Foods applied to register their design as a trademark. Although other macaroni and cheese brands used blue and yellow on their boxes, Kraft’s packaging, architecture system, and identity reclaim the colors as that of Kraft Macaroni Cheese. Kraft Macaroni Cheese redesign succeeded in strengthening and reclaiming the brand’s visual equities, differentiating it from private label, and creating a strong master brand to unite three disparate sub-brands. Our packaging and noodle smile identity provided the basis for the Kraft Macaroni Cheese integrated marketing campaign, which in 2010 helped drive gross revenue up 3. 8 percent, increased dollars by 9 percent, and raised its overall market share by 0. 4 points. (Landor Associates). (June 2011). 2) Reputation, and The absence of well-established laws governing social media communications make it challenging for companies to contest reputation damage on Facebook. However, this shouldn’t stop them from putting a proactive social media reputation strategy in place. Leading food and beverage corporation, Kraft Foods Inc, has put in place a 6 pronged strategy to address various kinds of reputation risks on Facebook. . (John Paulo Cardoso). (Mar 28, 2012). We’ve summarized Kraft Foods’ Facebook reputation management processes in the graphic, below: . (John Paulo Cardoso). (Mar 28, 2012). Kraft Foods reputation risk management strategy includes both at internal employees and external stakeholders. A typical risk management process is as follows: †¢Kraft Foods’ Social Media team takes ownership of all its postings as detailed in its Facebook posting rules this provides clarity of ownership and helps ensure a standard, congenial conversation. †¢Kraft Foods’ Social Media team continuously monitors Facebook postings for negative sentiment, profanity, and hateful comments – these trigger an immediate damage control response. †¢Once a risk event is detected, the Social Media team uses a Crisis Potential Questionnaire consisting of 15 questions, to determine the severity of the reputation risk event. This helps the company to decide on the de-escalation time frame, and channels of de-escalation. . (John Paulo Cardoso). (Mar 28, 2012). †¢Kraft Foods’ Social Media team uses a Social Media escalation document to direct resolution steps to the correct internal stakeholders, and prescribes the course of action for various reputation risk events. †¢In times of crisis, the Moderator on the Social Media team checks any communication which goes out on behalf of Kraft Foods, to ensure it accurately represents the company’s point of view. However, if a sustained and malaise reputation risk persists despite the company’s best attempts to alleviate it, the Social Media team consults the legal department for possible legal recourse. . (John Paulo Cardoso). (Mar 28, 2012). 3) Innovation. There are no red flags with Kraft’s new name change. On Aug. 4, 2011, Kraft Foods Inc. announced plans to divide and create two independent public companies: a high-growth global snacks business and a high-margin North American grocery business. And now on March 21, 2012 they announced its plans for its snack food corporate name as Mondelez International, Inc. IBM). (30-Jun-2010). What this demonstrates is that the company truly understood the strength of its brands and how they have built a relationship with customers. And now they were using this knowledge to manage the branding of its new independent company to leverage the platform â€Å"make today delicious. † The move to invent a new word and taking the time to let everyone know the phonetic spelling is the right thing to do for a multinational conglomerate rather than trying to leverage one of its current brand names. (IBM). (30-Jun-2010). The Chairman and CEO Irene Rosenfeld had said that he would be implementing a new global snacks company, looking for a new name that would serve as an umbrella for their iconic brands, reinforce the truly global nature of this business and build on our higher purpose to make today delicious. Mondelez captured a perfect idea of a delicious world and saying that it would serve as a solid foundation for the strong relationships. Kraft Foods Inc. brands knew how to build relationships with its customers and now applying it to the market and their investors. (IBM). (30-Jun-2010). REFERENCES: Denise Dickins, Margaret O’Hara, John Reisch. 2009). Frameworks for establishing and evaluating internal controls: a primer and case study. Journal of Case Research in Business and Economics. Kraft Foods Group to Replace Alpha Natural Resources In S 500. (Nov. 7, 2012). http://www. nasdaq. com/article/kraft-foods-group-to-replace-alpha-natural-resources-in-sp-500-20120925-01231#. UJswqGcyCSo Je nnifer Booton. (November 7, 2012). Kraft Foods Posts Strong 3Q Profit After Spin-Off. FOXBusiness. http://www. foxbusiness. com/industries/2012/11/07/kraft-foods-posts-strong-3q-profit-after-spin-off/ IBM. (30-Jun-2010). Kraft Foods builds on success to How to cite Conductng a Internal Analysis Within Kraft’s Corporation, Essay examples

Stereotype Anzac Heroes Portray and Idealize

Quesion: Discuss about the Stereotype Anzac Heroes Portray and Idealize. Answer: Introduction: The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps soldiers-Anzac Heroes is an element in Australian narration. They are the soldiers that fought at the First World War. The citizen soldiers in the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) at Gallipoli when combined with the New Zealand troops present at the Western front formed the Anzac heroes. These volunteers defied the military powers and their rules to form the new Federation (Waterhouse 2000). They also fought to undermine the British forces and their authorities risking their lives for the service of the Federation. The Anzacs are the modern Australian identity as they have been transformed into brave, heroic soldiers marking the April 25 as the Anzac Day in Australia (Secomb 2003). They are marked as the Australian identity and remembered as they fought for the independent Australia. About 9 out of 10 Australians strongly support the Anzacs being associated with the national identity. According to Force and Corps 2007 the Anzacs are the main element of national identity and national pride. The argument lies that the Anzacs have overpowered the other significant events of the Australian history. It also highlights the truth behind the legend being associated with national Australian identity, the gap in knowledge and the underlying reasons for the formation of the nations. It argues that throughout the national Australian history, security played a strategic role dominating the successive government. It states the identity drawn between the national identity in Australia and the foreign policy. The Anzacs fought for the nation reflected by their heroism and bravery. There is also an argument regarding the battle fought at the Gallipoli led to the formation of the Federation and the nation. The Anzac Day is studied from the Peace and Conflict point of view making the creation of the nation. There are many myths related to the Anzac Day arguing whether the day is cel ebrated to mark the Australian identity. In contrast to the thesis statement, Anzac heroes mark the national Australian identity as they sacrificed their lives for the formation of the Federation and a new nation. The fought under their own flag forming the Federation in 1901 and the national identity is associated with the Gallipoli battle fighting in the international arena. According to Smith 1988 in the article mentioned that the concept of nationalism lies in the mankind divided into the nations and every individual being part of the nation. However, with the progress of generations, people are losing their identities and the sacrifices made for the nation. The patriots and nationalists who succeeded in forming the nation and making bonds outside the boundaries are the true heroes posing a way to national regeneration. Drawing conclusion from this article, it could be stated that the concept of national identity also lies in the patriots and heroes who sacrificed their lives for the nation and in forming a free nation. The Anzac heroes are associated with the national Australian identity as they fought for the formation of the new Federation. They have a note worthy impact being the modern national Australian identity as their courage, valor, commitment, honesty throughout the war place them at the epitome of national heroism. The young men transforme d themselves independently under their own flag into brave soldiers. The Anzac tradition made an independent Australia at the Gallipoli war harnessing as a marker in the view of national values and in providing the legitimacy to foreign policies. The Anzacs fought for the independence of the nation rather than any political or socioeconomic background or king and empire. The issue lies in the context of symbolizing the Anzac Heroes as national Australian identity and marking the April 25 as the Anzac Day in Australia and New Zealand. The Anzac Heroes are associated with the national identity as they have transformed themselves into brave, courageous soldiers who have fought for the independence of the nation and in forming a nation Australia (Ang and Stratton 1998). The troops of New Zealand and Australia combined to become the Anzac Heroes fought for their independence. The Anzac Heroes are associated with the national Australian identity transforming into brave, forfeit and faithful soldiers who fought for the nation to form Federation and an independent Australia. The preview points states that the Anzac soldiers are a symbol of national Australian identity and in the memory of their sacrifice; April 25 is celebrated as the Anzac Day. The Anzac Heroes not only consisted of brave men but also Australian servicewomen towards the approach of Federation formation marked in the Australian history (Nation 1997). The sacrifices of the Anzac heroes are appreciated and their contributions in freeing the nation and creating a society that people are enjoying today. Australia and New Zealand remembers the Anzac Heroes for their sacrifices at the battlefield of Gallipoli, Turkey during the First World War. They are the founding heroes fought selflessly in the allied attack at the Gallipoli field, Turkey. The preview points are clearly related to the proposed thesis statement that states the stereotype Anzac heroes being the Australian national identity. The Australian national identity is the shaping of the Australian nation through citizenships, values and symbols: national symbols, freedom and democracy, British colonization and heritage possession. The Anzac heroes sacrificed their lives in combat to free the nation and form a new Federation. The April 25 is celebrated in Australia and New Zealand as the Anzac Day to relive the spirit of the heroes and their sacrifices. Many servicewomen also give up their lives in the Gallipoli battlefield in Turkey to free their nation (Schaffer 1988). The Anzac Day is the most important occasion in Australia and New Zealand and holds a special place in the hearts of the Australians. They are considered as the founding heroes as they led to the foundation of a free nation and a new Federation. They were selfless in their sacrifices during their fight against the British colonization during the First World War (White 1981). Therefore, it could be restated that the stereotype Anzac Heroes are associated with the Australian national identity fighting dauntlessly marking the establishment of a free nation and a new Federation. References Ang, I. and Stratton, J., 1998. Multiculturalism in crisis: The new politics of race and national identity in Australia. TOPIA: Canadian Journal of Cultural Studies, (2). Force, M.E. and Corps, V.I.I., 2007. August 9 5 Order of Battle.The Landings at Suvla Bay, 1915: An Analysis of British Failure During the Gallipoli Campaign, p.172. Nation, C., 1997. Australian Film and National Identity in the 1990s. The Politics of Identity in Australia, p.185. Schaffer, K., 1988. Women and the bush: forces of desire in the Australian cultural tradition. Cambridge University Press. Secomb, L., 2003. Interrupting mythic community.Cultural Studies Review,9(1), p.85. Smith, A.D., 1988. The myth of the Modern Nationand the myths of nations.Ethnic and Racial Studies,11(1), pp.1-26. Waterhouse, R., 2000. Australian Legends: Representations of the Bush, 18131913.Australian Historical Studies,31(115), pp.201-221. White, R., 1981. Inventing Australia: Images and Identity, 1688-1980 (No. 3). Allen Unwin.

World War 1 Essays (914 words) - Bulgaria In World War I

World War 1 W.W.I World War I was the first major war that included a country from almost every part of the world. It was the second bloodiest war second only to W.W.II. The greatest destruction that humankind had ever previously experienced began on a calm and beautiful August day. It was a senseless slaughter that no nation benefited from. It lasted from 1914-1918. America was involved from April of 1917 to November of 1918. It ended with the Treaty of Versailles, which was signed on November 11 at 11:11 a.m. in 1918. World War I started because of the assassination of Franz Josef Ferdinan and his wife Sophie while they were in a motorcade in the capitol city of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Franz Ferdinan was next in line for the thrown of Austria-Hungry. Principe, a member of the Black Hand terrorist organization, shot them. Preceding the shot that started the war, tension was created though out Europe when Germany's Kaiser Wilhelm II increased the size of his army. The Kaiser had a disturbed childhood. He was born with a bad arm that he couldn't use. Germans valued perfection in humans and it would be kind of hypocritical for the future leader of Germany to speak of perfection and not be perfect himself. His parents put him through hell and back trying to fix his arm. Nothing worked and the constant medical experiments on his body left him messed-up for life. At age 29 Kaiser Wilhelm II became the youngest emperor of Germany. The Kaiser had a personality all to himself. He knew that he had all the power, and he let everyone know about it. The British Royal Navy had long fascinated him, and he wanted one for his own. He got his wish and fulfilled his militaristic dream of having a large and powerful military. The rest of Europe became alarmed at the sudden increase of German military activity. This made every European country look more closely at Germany in fear that they would try to start something. Another source of tension in Europe was the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. Austria-Hungry and Russia both wanted to control the disintegrating Ottoman Empire. With all of this tension already in Europe, the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinan was all that was needed to spark the start of the war. Serbia firmly denied any compensation to Austria for the death of the Archduke, so Austria declared war on Serbia. Germany was an ally to Austria, and Russia was an ally to Serbia. Because of this connection those two countries, Germany and Russia entered the war. Germany quickly declared war on Russia and Russia's ally France. Germany then brutally invaded the neutral country of Belgium. The invasion of Belgium made Great Britain so mad that they too declared war on Germany. Europe was now divided into two separate powers, the Allied Powers and the Central Powers. The Allies would eventually consist of Great Britain, France, Japan, Russia, in 1915 Italy, and the United States in 1917. The Central Powers were made up of Germany, Austria-Hungry, Turkey, and in 1915 Bulgaria. The United States followed the Global War Policy that allowed neutral nations to trade with both sides in a war. President Wilson urged the American people to be neutral in thought and in deed. This meant that Americans were not supposed to support either side in the war. The United States was doing business with the Allies and the Central Powers. Germany felt that any ship carrying supplies for the Allies was fair game to sink. Germany started sinking US supply ships headed for Britain. Wilson cut off all ties with Germany and began viewing Germany as an outlaw after a U-boat sank the Lusitania. Wilson also found out about a plan that Germany was trying to get Mexico to enter the war and invade the United States from the south. This was too much for Wilson to ignore and he declared war. At first when war was declared men lined up at recruiting offices and volunteered to fight. To them war was a noble thing to do and they were excited to go. Over 130,000 people volunteered, but in the end over 4,000,000 Americans went. Theodore Roosevelt called the Great War The Great Adventure. The first American soldiers to arrive in Europe were young and inexperienced. The French wanted to put them in the front line

The Relationship between Microfinance, Entrepreneurship and Sustainability in reducing poverty in LEDC (Less Economically Developed Countries). The WritePass Journal

The Relationship between Microfinance, Entrepreneurship and Sustainability in reducing poverty in LEDC (Less Economically Developed Countries). Introduction The Relationship between Microfinance, Entrepreneurship and Sustainability in reducing poverty in LEDC (Less Economically Developed Countries). IntroductionTheoretical FrameworkEmpirical EvidenceCritique of The LiteratureConclusionsReferencesRelated Introduction Theoretical Framework According to the Asian Development Bank (ADB), Microfinance can be defined as â€Å"the provision of a broad range of financial services such as deposits, loans, payment services, money transfers, and insurance to the poor and low-income households and their microenterprises† (ADB, 2000).   Another definition is provided in Ledgerwood (1999) who contends that microfinance is â€Å"the provision of financial services (like savings, credit, insurance and payment services) to low-income clients (the poor) including the self-employed†. The aforesaid suggests that there is a positive relationship between microfinance and entrepreneurship or microenterprises. Microenterprises promote income generating activities thus promoting repayment. Being able to repay microfinance loans by income generated from microenterprises enables microfinance to be sustainable. Microfinance is specifically designed to offer financial services to microentrepreneurs. Microfinance enables microentrepreneurs to expand and run their businesses. The foregoing shows that microfinance and entrepreneurship are mutually beneficial to each other. Microfinance witnessed an evolution in the 1970s. This evolution has been regarded as a means of breaking the barricade of access to capital by poor people who are interested in carrying out development projects. Microfinance empowers the entrepreneurial spirits that exist among small-scale entrepreneurs worldwide (Olu, 2009). It facilitates the establishment of microenterprises and encourages best practices among individuals involved in small and medium size enterprise (SMEs) (Olu, 2009).   Governments in developing countries have over the last two and half decades formulated great programmes to promote economic development. Lack of access to finance has been cited in developing countries as one of the major reasons behind the relative absence of SMEs in less developed economies.   Large firms can obtain finance from banks because they have an asset base that can serve as collateral. SMEs on the other hand do not have such and asset base and as such cannot gain access to large b anks. Rather, SMEs rely on small scale financing in the form of microfinance to finance small scale development projects (Olu, 2009). Approximately 90 percent of people in less developed economies do not have access to financial services from banks and other financial institutions. Most people neither save nor have access to credit facilities (Marguerite, 2002). The foregoing suggests that people in less developed countries have limited capacity to invest. Limited investment capacity results in restricted productivity which in turn limits incomes, domestic savings and productivity growth.   The lack of access to financial services reduces the ability of entrepreneurs to engage in new business ventures which in turn limits economic growth. The sources and consequences of entrepreneurial activities are therefore neither financially nor environmentally sustainable. Microfinance serves as a means of empowering the poor and is considered as a valuable means of enhancing the economic development process. Despite the importance of microfinance in development, it has been argued that microfinance; entrepreneurship and su stainability tend not to have a great effect on alleviating poverty in less developed economies. Accordingly, microfinance they say can only successfully alleviate poverty if it is combined with entrepreneurial skills. This means that one should expect a positive link between microfinance and SME development or entrepreneurship. Despite this relationship, microfinance and entrepreneurship may have a negative relationship or may even have no relationship. In addition, some people with entrepreneurial skills tend to be risk-averse. This group of entrepreneurs may not use microfinance credit because they may not be willing to take on high levels of risk. As such their projects may remain unfunded even in the presence of microfinance loans. In addition, the poorest of the poor including the sick, the mentally ill and the destitute cannot adequately handle microfinance projects which means that microfinance cannot be used as a means of alleviating poverty for this group of the population . This group of the population would prefer direct basic assistance to microfinance. They are mostly interested in meeting their daily needs of shelter, food, clothing and food. Empirical Evidence Two competing theories have been advanced with respect to the relationship between entrepreneurship and microfinance. One school of thought advocates that lack of credit hinders the growth of microenterprises, indicating that microfinance and entrepreneurship have a positive relationship. The second school of thought on its part suggests that microfinance has a negative effect on the poorest in society. The first school of thought believes that lack of credit is a major constraint to the development of microenterprise and believes that microfinance plays a positive role in enabling a society achieve   its larger goal of deriving social and economic benefits (Hashemi et al., 1996; 1994; Schuler et al., 1997). According to the International Finance Corporation, more than 500 million poor people across the world are engaged in microenterprises (IFC, 2002). When asked what their major constraint is, most of them conclude that the main constraint to business growth is lack of credit. This evidence suggests that microfinance has a positive impact on entrepreneurship. Similar evidence is provided in Sen (1999) who argue that the greater the financial security of an entrepreneur, the higher is his probability of becoming more successful. Furthermore, Eversole (2000) contends that credit is important for the success of micro businesses. The impact of microfinance on poverty alleviation has also been studied. Nair (1998) identifies two schools of thought regarding the effect of microfinance on poverty alleviation. On the one hand, it has been argued that credit is one of the most important tools for alleviating poverty. This school of thought believes that microfinance credit is always invested in a productive investment which will help in poverty alleviation. However, this school of thought is flawed on because it makes the unrealistic assumption that microfinance credit is always invested in a productive investment. The theory ignores the fact that some investments may not be productive which indicates that not all microfinance credit can actually result in poverty alleviation. Rangarajan (2005) observes that microfinance is important for the evolution of â€Å"Self-Help Group† at three basic levels. These include: Level 1 where microfinance is used by households to satisfy their survival requirements by using small savings and loans as a buffer in emergencies; Level 2 where households use microfinance is used to meet subsistence needs; and Level 3 where households become mature enough to take on a higher degree of risk; at this level, microfinance can be employed in setting up enterprises or facilitating the creation of employment in one way or another thus promoting the sustainability of households. The aforesaid shows that the argument that microfinance cannot help the poorest of the poor lacks empirical support. This argument is further weakened by evidence from India, which shows that a large portion of the Indian population falls in the â€Å"poorest of the poor† category. Despite this, microfinance has had a significant positive impact on this group of the population in India. A study based on 20 microfinance institutions in India provide evidence that microfinance has made a significant contribution to both the savings and borrowings of the poor in India (Sinha, 2005). Kuzilwa (2005) provide evidence that credit has been very instrumental in the success of microenterprises in Tanzania. The study provides evidence that most business start-ups have been financed by own sources while expansion has mainly been finance by microfinance credit. The study further observes that inadequate credit resulted in the abandonment or postponement of entrepreneurial projects. Some st udies have concluded that microfinance credit contributes to the growth of enterprises although the impact of finance has not been very significant. Empirical evidence shows that after receiving finance, the firm’s output increased by 40 percent. This evidence shows just how important microfinance is for the growth and expansion of enterprises and thus emphasises the positive relationship between microfinance and entrepreneurship in poor countries. In order for microfinance to help foster entrepreneurial activity, the activity must be sustainable. This means that only enterprises with the potential to evolve from micro to small and to medium enterprises can be considered entrepreneurial businesses (Harper, 1998; Kuzilwa, 2005). Businesses that are merely surviving to sustain a family cannot be considered entrepreneurial (Harper, 1998). The operating cycle of microenterprises is relatively short compared to that of large enterprises. Microenterprises are therefore in need of short term loans in small amounts. Due to their short-term operating cycles, microenterprises are in constant need of small scale loans to finance their business. Consequently, sufficient and timely capital is necessary for the success of microenterprises. According to Alagappan and Nagammai (2003), any entrepreneur’s main problem is finance. Adequate finance is required at reasonable cost to meet the expectations of any entrepreneur (Alagappan and Nagammai, 2003). Small scale entrepreneurs find it difficult to access large financial institutions. This is mostly because of information asymmetries between large financial institutions and small scale businesses. Moral hazard and adverse selection bias often make it difficult for small firms to gain access to finance from large institutions. The process is often complex and may result in delays. Consequently, the only hope for small scale businesses is microfinance. According to a study by Vincent (2004), an initial loan of approximately $100 helped in reintegrating entrepreneurs into formal networks as well as promoting structural and sustainable development in communities. However, the study observed that only 5% of entrepreneurs in these communities were able to obtain micro credit thus hindering the growth and development potential of communities in less developed economies (Vincent, 2004). Vincent (2004) concludes based on this evidence that sustainable entrepreneurship and microfinance can c ontribute tremendously to poverty alleviation in less developed countries. While credit is important, it is not the only factor that can facilitate entrepreneurship in less developed economies. According to a study by Roy and Wheeler (2006) on 12 microfinance institutions in four West African economies, growth of microenterprises is not restricted only by poor access to credit. Rather, other factors such as poor training, lack of trust and corporation as well as risk aversion are other factors that must be taken into account when evaluating the factors that restrict the growth and expansion of microenterprises in less developed economies (Roy and Wheeler, 2006). While microfinance can help in stimulating growth of microenterprises, its availability is only an important part of the story (Roy and Wheeler, 2006). Microfinance needs to be provided only to entrepreneurs who satisfy a host of other requirements such as adequate training, risk tolerance, trust and corporation. While other factors may affect the growth and expansion of microenterprises in less developed countries, Adams and Pischke (1992) believe that lack of funds is the most important problems facing microenterprises. Adam and Pischke (1992) argue that access to small and short-term credit is more beneficial for poor microenterprises than large long-term credit. The evolution of microfinance has been very important because it has enabled microfinance institutions to handle small scale transactions efficiently as well as establish long lasting links with borrowers. The main focus of microfinance institutions is on small and short-term loans which can help small scale entrepreneurs finance short-term investment projects and thus alleviate poverty in the community as a whole. As mentioned earlier, a second school of thought believes that microfinance has a negative impact on the poorest in society (Adams and Von Pischke, 1992; Buckley, 1997). While microfinance programs can create a positive impact on the poor, these programs often fail to reach the poorest people when trying to achieve sustainability. While the programs can serve the poor, they do not necessarily help the poorest of the poor (Copestake et al., 2001; Hulme 2000; Hulme and Mosely 1996; Mosely and Hulme 1998). While superficial analysis shows that microfinance can foster entrepreneurial growth and thus reduce poverty in society, deep analysis suggests that microfinance credit does not create opportunities. Rather the ability of the community to generate income and thus alleviate poverty depends heavily on the entrepreneurial nature of people in the community (Kulziwa, 2005). This does not amount to saying that credit is not important for entrepreneurship. Credit certainly plays a significan t role in improving the competence of the entrepreneur to make use of the opportunity available. However, the entrepreneurial skills must be there to fully realise the benefits of microfinance. Empirical evidence suggests that microfinance has not had a positive impact on entrepreneurship in very poor countries. Shaw (2004) investigated the impact of microfinance on poverty in Sri Lanka. The study provides evidence that not all microfinance projects have been able to alleviate poverty in Sri Lanka. The study contends while microfinance can work well for those very close to the poverty line, it can only help those who are interested and able to engage in high-value entrepreneurial activities (Shaw, 2004). According to Shaw (2004) microfinance loans are not sustainable in that they only serve to protect current consumption levels while offering limited opportunity for exiting poverty. For microfinance programs to be successful, they must be complemented by investment in physical and social infrastructure. Another argument against microfinance programs is that these programs are capable of pushing the poor into a debt trap. This is because the programs often turn out to be unsustainable if the poor are not able to engage in an activity that can generate enough income for repayments (Mead Liedholm, 1998). A study was conducted on NGO led microfinance programs in several developing countries. The objective of the study was to evaluate the performance of microfinance programs in these countries using a set of four indicators including their ability to target the poor, their ability to increase assets of the poor, their ability to generate income and their ability create skill employment and financial viability. Comparisons were made with state-led credit based poverty alleviation programs such as the Integrated Rural Development Project (IRDP) and the Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) in India (Chavan Ramakumar, 2002).   The study provides evidence that microfinance programs have helped in achieving a marginal improvement in the income of their beneficiaries. However, the evidence suggests that the beneficiaries have not obtained any significant benefits in terms of technological improvements because the programs focus primarily on survival skills (Chavan Ramakumar, 2002). Focusing on Ban gladesh, the study observes that microfinance programs which are designed to help customers repay Grameen Bank loans through fresh loans from moneylenders has resulted in the creation debt cycles (Chavan Ramakumar, 2002). Anand (1994) examine the performance of microenterprises in Botswana the balance between lending and borrowing activities of microfinance institutions. The study observes that Microfinance institutions focus more on lending than borrowing. Lending activity constituted 75% while borrowing constituted only 10% of their total activity (Anand, 1994). This clearly shows that finance cannot be considered a constraint for entrepreneurs in Botswana. The foregoing shows that in order for microfinance to be sustainable, it has to be complemented by savings and other factors. There is a common misconception that the poor cannot save. However, the evolution of microfinance has proven that this is a misconception. Microfinance loans are often made based on the saving capacity of the borrower (Stemper, 1996). Savings are used as a means of establishing the history of the borrower and serves as a important input to evaluating the loan application (Stemper, 1996). Savings can also serve as collateral for borrowers who do not have landed property. This view has been reinforced by Buckley (1997) who views savings as the means of achieving financial independence and self sufficiency for micro enterprises. India created Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCAs) which serve as microfinance institutions in the country. These associations support the need of financial services for the small scale entrepreneurs in India. They are popular because of their simplicity and the freedom that they provide on using funds (Buckley, 1997). Guha and Gupta (2000) provide evidence suggesting microfinance institutions improve the saving habit of the poor by creating income generating activities and improving their loan repayment habits. Critique of The Literature The empirical evidence above suggests that microfinance institutions play an important role in alleviating poverty in developing countries. This is achieved through their impact on entrepreneurship. Microfinance institutions are sustained by promoting savings and investment schemes for the poor. This suggests that microfinance institutions. A key short-coming with the studies above is that most of the studies focus on the relationship between entrepreneurship and microfinance, with little emphasis on sustainability. Sustainability of entrepreneurship and microfinance are important if they have to be used as a means of alleviating poverty in the long run.   Despite the importance of sustainability, the existing literature has not exploited it in great detail. Togo has witnessed significant developments in its microfinance industry. Microfinance was initiated in Togo by the Association for Community-Based Self-Promotion (ACOMB), which operates in two very low-income districts that have experienced excessively high levels of HIV/AIDS with very little government or foreign support (Parker, 2000). The goal of the association was to provide health education, information, and referrals to clients as an important complement to financial services (Parker, 2000). In addition, the Faà ®tià ¨re des Unità ©s Coopà ©ratives dEpargne et de Crà ©dit (FUCEC) is a Togolese-based Microfinance institution which comprises of credit unions aimed at offering credit with eduction as one of its financial products (Dunford, 2002). FUCEC provides underprivileged people (especially poorer women) to join a credit union. The Microfinance institution provides members with the opportunity to save and obtain credit to finance local projects. This means that most me mbers of FUCEC and net borrowers (Dunford, 2002). Despite these developments, the role of microfinance in alleviating poverty in Togo has not been exploited. Likewise, the relationship among microfinance, entrepreneurship and sustainability are yet to be exploited in Togo. It is against this backdrop that this study aims at investing the relationship among microfinance, entrepreneurship and sustainability in Togo. This will help in the formulation of policies regarding microfinance, entrepreneurship and sustainability in future. This paper will look at two hypotheses as follows: Microfinance programs have a positive impact on entrepreneurship in Togo; Entrepreneurship has a positive impact on the sustainability of Microfinance in Togo. Conclusions Based on the literature above, it can be concluded that there is a significant link between entrepreneurship and microfinance. Despite the apparent importance between sustainability and microfinance, very limited research has been conducted to explore this relationship. In addition, most studies on microfinance in less developed countries have focused on other countries thus ignoring Togo altogether.   This study extends the paper by incorporating sustainability into the relationship between entrepreneurship and microfinance using Togo as a case study. References Adams, D.W. Pischke, J.D. V. (1992). â€Å"Microenterprise credit programmes: Dà ©j vu†,  World Development, 20(10), pp. 1463-1470. ADB (2000).  Finance for the Poor: Microfinance Development Strategy.  Manila: Asian Development Bank. Alagappan, V. Nagammai, R.M. (2003). â€Å"Entrepreneurs response to Financial assistance from Institutions†,  SEDME, 30(4). Anand,V. (1994).  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Performance of Microenterprises  in  Botswana: A case study of selected urban and semi urban locations†,  Indian  Journal  of  Economics, 75(296). Buckley, G. 1997. â€Å"Microfinance in  Africa: Is it Either the Problem or the Solution?†Ã‚  World Development  25:1081-93. Chavan, P. Ramakumar, R. (2002). â€Å"Micro-Credit and Rural Poverty: An Analysis of Empirical Evidence†Ã‚  Economic and Political weekly, March 9, 2002. Christen, R.P. (1997). Issues in the regulation and supervision of microfinance in a transforming economy. Paper presented at the 10th  conference of financial Institutions in  Tanzania, Arusha, 7-9. Dunford, C. (2002), Microfinance as a vehicle for educating the poor, Development Bulletin, vol. 57 Eversole, R. (2000). â€Å"Beyond Microcredit- The Trickle Up Program†,  Small  Enterprise  Development, 11(1). Guha, S. Gupta, G. (2005). â€Å"Microcredit for income generation: The role of ROSCA†,  Economic and political weekly, April 2, 2005. Harper, M. (1998). Microenterprise or growth? Which do we want, and which bring development? Paper presented at the conference on the growth of small and medium enterprises in Africa, theKenya  institute of management,  Nairobi, 23-28 March 1998 Hashemi, S., S.R. Schuler, and A.P. Riley. 1996. â€Å"Rural Credit Programs and Women’s Empowerment in  Bangladesh.†Ã‚  World Development  24:635-653. International Finance Corporation (IFC), 2004. Sustainable Financial markets facility.  www.ifc.org Kuzilwa, J.A. (2005). â€Å"The role of credit for small business Success: A study of the national entrepreneurship development fund in  Tanzania†,  Journal of entrepreneurship, Vol. 14 , No.2. Nair,  T.S.,(1998),â€Å"Meeting  the  credit  needs  of  the  micro  enterprise  sector issues   in  focus†Ã‚  Ã‚  Indian  Journal  Of  Labour  Economics,  Ã‚  41(3). Rangarajan, C. (2005). â€Å"Microfinance and its future directions† High level Policy Conference on microfinance in India- May 3, 2005- New Delhi, Keynote Address by Dr. C. Rangarajan Chairman Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister. Roy, M.A. Wheeler, D. (2006).â€Å"A survey of microenterprise in urban  West Africa: Drivers shaping the sector†Ã‚  Development in Practice, 16(5). Schuler, S.R., S. Hashemi, and A.P. Riley. 1997. â€Å"The Influence of Women’s Changing Roles and Status in  Bangladesh’s Fertility Transition: Evidence from a Study of Credit Programs and Contraceptive Use.†Ã‚  World Development  25: 563-575. Sen, A. (1999). Development as Freedom,  Oxford:  Oxford  University  Press. Shaw, J. (2004). â€Å"Microenterprise occupation and poverty reduction in microfinance programs: Evidence from  Sri Lanka†.  World Development, 32(7), pp.1247–1264. Olu, O. (2009) Impact of Microfinance on Entrepreneurial Development: The Case of Nigeria, The International Conference on Administration and Business. Marguerite, R. S., (2002), â€Å"The Microfinance Revolution: Sustainable Finance for the Poor†. Sinha, F. (2005). â€Å"Access, Use and Contribution of Microfinance in  India: Findings from a National Study†,  Economic and Political Weekly, April 23, 2005. Stemper, G.A. (1996). â€Å"Commercial banks and Microentrepreneurs in  Latin America†,  Small Enterprise Development, 7(3). Vincent, G. 2004. â€Å"Sustainable Microentrepreneurship:  The Roles of Microfinance, Entrepreneurship and Sustainability in Reducing Poverty in Developing Countries†, www.gdrc.org/icm/micro/guy_sustmicro.pdf Parker, J. (2000) The role of microfinance in the fight against HIV/AIDS, A report to The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Development Alternatives, Inc. (DAI) Bethesda, Maryland, USA

Greek Mythology - Bible vs Biblos

Greek Mythology - Bible vs Biblos The Bible is sometimes called the Good Book, which is fitting since the word Bible comes from the Greek word for book, biblos. For the Greeks, the bible was Homer, particularly, The Iliad, and Hesiod. The Father of History, the Greek Classical period traveler Herodotus (c. 484-425 B.C.) writes: Whence the gods severally sprang, whether or no they had all existed from eternity, what forms they bore - these are questions of which the Greeks knew nothing until the other day, so to speak. For Homer and Hesiod were the first to compose Theogonies, and give the gods their epithets, to allot them their several offices and occupations, and describe their forms; and they lived but four hundred years before my time, as I believe.~ Herodotus Book IIYou can find a religious world view, morals, customs, genealogy, and more in Homer and Hesiod. However, The Iliad, The Odyssey, and Theogony were not sacred texts. (Depending on your definition, the Greeks had other sacred texts, like hymns and responses of the oracles.)The Opening of The IliadThe Iliad begins, not with the creation of the world in 6 days, but with an invocation of the goddess or muse:Sing, O goddess,followed by the story of the wrath of the great Greek hero of the Trojan War, Achilles:the anger of Achilles son of Peleus, t hat brought countless ills upon the Achaeans. Many a brave soul did it send hurrying down to Hades, and many a hero did it yield a prey to dogs and vultures, for so were the counsels of Jove fulfilled from the day on which the son of Atreus, king of men, and great Achilles, first fell out with one another....and his anger at the expeditions leader, Agamemnon, who has strained relations with his best man by stealing his beloved concubine and committed sacrilege:And which of the gods was it that set them on to quarrel? It was the son of Jove and Leto [Apollo]; for he was angry with the king and sent a pestilence upon the host to plague the people, because the son of Atreus had dishonoured Chryses his priest.(Samuel Butler translation)The Place of Gods in Mans LifeGods in Homers ancient heroic age walked among men, but they were much more powerful than humans and could be prevailed upon by prayer and sacrifice to help human beings. We see this in the opening of The Iliad where the rhap sode (the composer/singer of the story) Homer seeks divine inspiration to create a great epic, and where an old man seeks the return of his abducted daughter.There is nothing in this Greek great book (The Iliad) about taking clay and forming it in a certain likeness or taking a rib from said animated clay, although the latter, the story of the creation of woman (Pandora) by a craftsman, does appear differently elsewhere in the canon of Greek mythology.Next Page: Creation Stories Introduction to Greek Mythology Myth in Daily Life What Is Myth? Myths vs. Legends Creation Stories Titanomachy Olympian Gods and Goddesses Five Ages of Man Philemon and Baucis Prometheus Trojan War Bulfinch Mythology Myths and Legends Kingsley Tales from Mythology | Golden Fleece and the Tanglewood Tales, by Nathaniel Hawthorne Confusing Creation Stories Creation StoriesUranos Revenge Titanomachy Philemon and Baucis Prometheus Version 1: Genesis 1.27 King James27: So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them. Version 2: Genesis 2.21-2321: And the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam and he slept: and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof; 22: And the rib, which the LORD God had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the man. 23: And Adam said, This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh: she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man.... the story of the 5 Ages Also see Jewish Legends - Creation Genealogy Shows Mans Relationship to God(s) The stories one polis told about its divine connection might or might not contradict the stories of another polis about its connection with the same god. Sometimes what looks like an effort to smooth out one set of inconsistencies seems to have created others. It might serve those of us coming to the Greek stories from a Judaeo-Christian tradition to remember that there are plenty of apparent inconsistencies in the Bible, too. Reference: [url formerly www.rpgclassics.com/quotes/iliad.shtml] Interesting Quotations from the Iliad Introduction to Greek Mythology Myth in Daily Life What Is Myth? Myths vs. Legends Gods in the Heroic Age - Bible vs. Biblos Trojan War Bulfinch Mythology Myths and LegendsGolden Fleece and the Tanglewood Tales, by Nathaniel Hawthorne

Hiring Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hiring Process - Essay Example This can be simplified by use of mobile phones or via email so that finally they will have gotten the right information and have a good list of potential candidates from which to chose from. The major advantage is that interviewees are able to know in a better way the job they wait for and the salary that awaits them .To the manager, it an easier way to evaluate the candidate’s communication skills by listening to how well they establish rapport (Erling, 2010).This is later effected by physical face to face so as to make a better assessment based on grooming , character and evaluation of documents to see if there is additional thing they can do other than just the work they qualify for .For instance are they talented in other fields like sports .This may act as an additional benefit to the employing firm in terms of social services (Erling, 2010). It is therefore important to make an all-round assessment to ensure that no element of bias is left and that the firm gets the best employee from among many so that it can leap the benefits of a good hiring