“Emotion is stronger than reason.”To what extent is this true in Human Science Essay

People will make lots of decisions in their life, some of the decisions are emotional , and some are intellectual. From my point of view, I think emotion and reason are all important, and it’s depends on a specific situation and specific person to decide if it’s stronger or not.So my stance is neutral. If a person is very intellectual, most of his decision will be reasonable, but if he is a very emotional person, most of his decision would be emotional. For instance, smoking , which is a very emotional decision , because everyone knows cigarette is bad for our health , but some people still can not quit smoking . The reason of this is when they smoke , cigarette will bring them pleasant sensation, and those smokers will want more cigarette , in their mind , emotion is stronger than reason.However, on the other hand, there also have some people who quit smoking successfully or don’t start smoking in the first place. From their perspective, reason is stronger than emotion . Another example, Apple, a very large company in the world, the founder of it is Steve Jobs,who is also a emotional person, because his objective is to make better electronic devices for customs and have more creative ideas to make people’s life better.that might cause company run out if money , because better quality design will cause more money to produce it .But, Apple’s shareholders don’t think that way, they want to make more money, increase the profit ,lower the input and keep this company running , did not think of if the product is creative, they think more about the future of Apple , so that’s reasonable and intellectual.

How does Salinger present the character of Holden in the opening pages of the text? Essay

Salinger uses a variety of linguistic and literary techniques to create a realistic voice for the protagonist, Holden Caulfield, and to give the reader an idea of how this is achieved and presents the major concerns and thoughts of the character and the novel through these techniques. Salinger attempts to create the voice of a contemporary teenager through writing in the vernacular of this intended voice – the use of crude, colloquial lexis that Holden uses resembles this through his repetitive and continuous use of â€Å"phony† throughout the novel, for example â€Å"what a phony slob he is.† The use of colloquial language, coupled with the protagonists conditional direct address to the reader â€Å"If you really want to know†, is used by Salinger as an allusion to Holden being somewhat reluctant to telling us about himself and his past which leans the reader towards thinking that Holden is not well and that there may be something in his past which has caused Holden to be the way he is. The conditional also suggests that Holden views his life as boring and uninteresting, ergo the intensifier â€Å"really† and the conditional â€Å"if† are used by Salinger to convey Holden’s minor reluctance. In addition, the direct address also creates an immediate tenor with the audience which is engaging for the reader. Moreover, the reader learns that the protagonist is a social pariah –â€Å"the whole school was there except me† – an outcast that actively rebels against society and life and this is the reason the character adopts a studied boredom approach to questions. Furthermore, Salinger reinforces Holden’s apparent dismissive attitude towards his own life through the use of the literary reference â€Å"David Copperfield kind of crap†. This conveys the impression that the protagonist does not think his life is worth telling when, further on, it becomes apparent that Holden does actually want to tell the reader about the â€Å"madman stuff† that has happened to him. The reader learns that Holden is uncertain about his future and, indeed, his life in general through the vague expression â€Å"when I go home next month maybe.† This makes the reader wonder if Holden is well mentally and physically, which would explain the â€Å"madman stuff.† The reader becomes aware that Holden as a character has a very limited ability to express himself, and often relies on idiosyncratic phrases to convey his thoughts and feelings where he is unable to with words. An example of this would be Holden’s use of the adjective â€Å"old† in â€Å"old Selma Thurner† which he uses to convey friendly affection feelings towards the character. The protagonist also uses hyperbole to convey his emotions and thoughts, too, though generally in a much more sarcastic manner as illustrated by â€Å"supposed to commit suicide if old Pencey didn’t win†. As noted above, the reader learns that Holden uses the adjective â€Å"old† in a usually affectionate way, but in this instance he is using it sarcastically to convey a negative opinion toward his school. When the reader reads on, they learn that not only is Holden iconoclastically rejecting the education system but he is also rejecting the ideology of capitalism wh ich he views as the main source of the â€Å"phony† population. From this, the reader realises that not only is Holden a countercultural figure but also a cynic towards the capitalism ideology his society is based on. In addition, the protagonist’s repetitive use of blasphemy is used to express his thoughts on a topic, for example â€Å"cost him damn near four thousand bucks† though the reader realises he does not mean the blasphemy – seemingly, Holden does not notice it; it is simply part of his idiolect and is used by the protagonist in an effort to connect with the reader, creating an informal tenor between Holden and the audience. The use of contractions is used by Salinger to create an informal tenor between the protagonist and the reader and are shown to be common in Holden’s idiolect, and indeed the teenage sociolect that Salinger was writing in throughout the novel. This use of contractions, along with the taboo language used throughout the novel, is used to reinforce this image of Holden being a countercultural, rebellious teenager that controversially rejects capitalism and the education system through his countercultural behaviour. Furthermore, the reader becomes aware of Holden’s seemingly strained relationship with his family, particularly his seemingly implied coldness towards his brother, D.B. who is a writer. The italics â€Å"and he’s my brother and all† is used by Salinger to convey the mixed feelings of the protagonist to the reader. The italics is used by Salinger to reflect the sarcastic, verbal intonation of Holden and implies that Holden once liked and possibly admired his brother, but now he views him as â€Å"being a prostitute† – a sell-out, in Holden’s eyes. This reveals to the reader that Holden does not approve of â€Å"phony† actions like selling out your talent just to be successful. In addition, the audience also becomes aware that Holden’s strained relationships extend not only to the general public but to his own mother and father, too; â€Å"my parents would have about two haemorrhages apiece† illustrates to the audience that Holden has little avenue for expressing his emotions which causes the reader to wonder what the cause of Holden’s introversion is, later revealed to be the death of his younger brother who he was close to, Allie. In addition, the reader becomes aware of the protagonists opinions and thoughts on certain topics and their views on people in particular through the constant digression of the main character; Holden uses digression in place of actively expressing himself and it is present throughout the entire novel. Through this digression, the reader gains a valuable insight into Holden’s mind, especially when family and women are concerned: â€Å"she’s a pretty nice girl† reveals to the readers that Holden, despite being a teenager, is not interested in sex with girls despite his later claims to be a maniac, which illustrates an insecurity in Holden towards sex.

Canevin Theater

Canevin Theater Essay Canevin Catholic High School offers many extra curricular activities. Those students geared toward the physical challenges may choose from various athletic programs such as, basketball, soccer, and football. On the other hand, there are additional activities for those more interested in a mental challenge. These students may join such organizations anywhere from FBLA to Forensics. However, of all the extra curricular activities offered by Canevin, none excites me more than Dramatics. This paper takes a look at my last three years involvement in the annual musical productions here at Canevin. Traditionally, Canevins dramatics has been a full-scale musical production performed in the spring. Students may audition for chorus, acting or dancing parts or they may join one of the many stage crews. During freshman year, I tried out for the musical Working. Working depicted different careers through dialogue, song and dance. To my surprise, I made callbacks. When the cast list was posted, the role of Anthony Polazzo, the Mason, was awarded to me. After weeks of hard work and rehearsals, it was finally opening night. From that time on, I realized Dramatics was for me. The following year, the start-up meeting could not arrive fast enough for me. The play selected for my sophomore year was Damn Yankees. The musicals main character was Joe Hardy. Joe wanted so drastically to play baseball for the Washington Senators, that he was willing to sell his soul to the devil. When the cast list was posted this time, I was assigned to play the role of Mr. Welch. As owner of the Washington Se nators, I was expected to portray a prestigious and confident businessman who enjoyed his cigars. In one short year, I went from a mason in overalls, to a baseball team owner decked out in a suit and tie. Thats show business!Into the Woods was selected as the musical for the following year. The story line included various adaptations of traditional fairy tales. Well, if mason to owner wasnt extreme enough, what would you say about Cinderellas father? Junior year found me playing the character of an older man who marries for the second time, to a woman with two nagging daughters. In a house of four women, no wonder he resorted to drinking. Directed to use a silver flask as a prop and a fair amount of improvisation of libations, I portrayed the character of Cinderellas father as a drunk. When the final curtain came down closing night on Into the Woods, there was, however, one more performance still to come. This year Canevin had been nominated for 6 Gene Kelly Awards, including Best Musical in Budget Level 2. The Gene Kelly Awards sponsored by Pittsburghs Civic Light Opera recognizes students for excellence in High School musical theater. On the night of the awards, those schools nominated for Best Show perform on the Benedum stage a selection from their production. Extra rehearsals were scheduled, and a final practice with the Benedum orchestra was needed. I am proud to announce that Canevin was awarded the Gene Kelly for Best Costume Design and Best Musical in our division. Additionally, each year two students are asked to represent their school in a final production number. This prestigious honor is always given to two seniors. Unfortunately, this year, two of the practices fell during graduation activities. Since 5 rehearsals are mandatory, our director, Treva Rueso made her selections from the junior cast members. A fellow junior and I were ecstatic to be chosen to join members from all the participating schools in the final production number, Keep Your Eyes on the Goal. The plethora of ecstatic people applauding at the close of the Gene Kellys was phenomenal. It was indeed an honor to represent Canevin in this collaboration of students exercising their many talents. READ: Shakespeare is a well known author who wrote in th EssayI have experienced many gratifying moments in my years at Canevin, but few have been as electrifying as sharing with fellow cast and crew members their ability, courage, and commitment in creating the annual school musical. The Dramatic program continues to surprise its supporters with innovative musical theater. Through my experience in putting on a musical, I have learned what it means to work as a team. The camaraderie was intense and rewarding. I

Journal 3 and 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Journal 3 and 4 - Essay Example It was a new finding for me to know that women in Ethiopia are living in patriarchal society, where men are the dominant, as they create all laws and policies in politics and economy. Here, women do not have any role in the society. Instead, most receive the treatment similar to that of women slaves in the past. It was shocking to know that Ethiopian women work more than men do, yet they are paid less. The low income of the Ethiopian women has forced them to get involved in other jobs that include low human standards, such as prostitution, in order to get money to provide the basic needs for themselves and their children. Their suffering does not end by them selling their bodies to men; most Ethiopian women are infected with HIV. These findings make me question the effectiveness of the Ethiopian government. It is disturbing that this government has failed to embrace effective strategies to protect women. Another new concept that I learned from the reading was that there are different kinds of violence women suffer during conflicts. Apart from physical attacks, women suffer violence within the contexts of politics, inequality, rape, family, and peacemakers. Suffering from relatives was a new idea that I did not think of. Some women deliver their own member of family to justice if they are involved in corruption. This idea can be connected to our first reading in our first class, where the report explained the way women would define security, compared to men. To women security is the safety of her children and family and being able to provide all the basic needs for survival, while for men security is all about weapons and guns. Thus, it is painful for a woman to surrender one of her relatives, who is supposed to be under her protection and a part of her responsibility. However, if this member was not surrendered then he can affect her safety and safety of her other family members. Th erefore, women

Individual project criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Individual project criminal Justice - Essay Example Contact is established when an individual comes in contact with a member of law enforcement, generally the police. The individual is, by virtue of the legal construct embedded in the Constitution, presumed innocent of wrongdoing until evidence is given that removes all reasonable doubt as to guilt. Hence, certain conduct is forbidden, including searches of person or property without cause. Although exceptions apply, in general law enforcement must have probable cause to believe that a crime has been (or is being) committed, that the individual has evidence of that crime upon his or her person or property, and that such evidence will show the individual guilty of that crime. Oftentimes, this requires a warrant, sworn to by a member of law enforcement before a member of the judiciary. The next two steps, investigation and arrest, are noted as occasionally reversing places (i.e. an arrest is made and then the investigation occurs). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia (6th edition, 2003) defines the arrest as the "seizure and detention of a person, either to bring him before a court body or official, or to otherwise secure the administration of the law." Reasonable and justifiable force and restraint are permitted during the arrest; anyone taking such actions in a criminal matter may, however, be forced to defend said actions before the court. Investigation, on the other hand, is the determination and procurement of evidence, including formal identification of the suspect, the cautioning of the suspect prior to questioning as to the rights he or she maintains under law, and the documentation of all evidence and cause. Once complete, the results are released for trial of the accused. The trial phase, or bringing of evidence against one accused of a crime, can be further subdivided into multiple stages. In totality, however, it is the phase in which the accused is permitted to know the evidence collected against him or her, is allowed to cross-examine witnesses that testify against him or her, and is allowed to mount a personal defense against the crime. Depending upon locale, jurisdiction and inclination of the attorneys involved in the case, this presentation may or may not be made before a jury, although the right to trial by jury is available to the accused should he or she desire. Following the trial, the accused is either acquitted or convicted of the crime(s); if convicted, a judge pronounces sentence upon him or her. The accused has the right, in certain cases, to mount an appeal for judicial review, either of the sentence given or of the trial. Although most such appeals derive from procedural errors, some few come from the nature of the sentence imposed (i.e. capital punishment sentences are almost invariably remanded for appellate review). Evidence Evidence is the sum of the matters of fact that a party to a lawsuit offers to prove or disprove an issue in the case; in general, it may be either direct or circumstantial. If direct, it directly indicates the presence of the accused or the action committed; if circumstantial, it relates a portion of the circumstances in which the crime took place and indicates by its totality that the accused committed the crime. However, evidence can also be divided into seven types under the common law: 1) testimony, 2) documentary, 3) physical, 4) exculpatory, 5) scientific,

Outcome and Assessment Information Set Data that Predict Pressure Research Paper

Outcome and Assessment Information Set Data that Predict Pressure Ulcer Development in Older Adult Home Health - Research Paper Example According to the American Geriatics Association (2005), â€Å"Pressure ulcers are areas of tissue damage that develop when the skin and soft tissues (eg, muscle) are squeezed between the bones and the surface that is in contact with the body, such as a mattress.† These ulcers occur around areas such as hip, heel and buttocks. Methods The results of the research by Bergquist-Beringer and Gajewski, which was conducted among 5395 non-hospice patients of 60 years or older showed that bowel incontinence, needing assistance with grooming, dependence in ability to dress the upper body, dependence in ability to dress the lower body, dependence in toileting, inability to transfer, being chairfast or bedfast, and the presence of a PrU on admission were positively associated with new PrU development (Bergquist-Beringer and Gajewski, 2011). The factors raised in the researcher were therefore concluded as the risk factors for pressure ulcers for patients in home healthcare. In a similar re search conducted among 1711 nonhospice patients 60 years or older, Bergquist (2003) however came out with results that were not directly in line with the risk factors pointed out by the former researchers. Unlike the first researchers but not in sharp contrast to their results, Bergquist pointed to the risk factors for pressure ulcers for patients in home healthcare as Limitation in activity to bed, dependence in dressing, urinary incontinence, and needing assistance with transferring predicted Stage I pressure ulcer development (P

Environmental and Industry Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Environmental and Industry Analysis - Essay Example Good-to-Go customers place orders with the business via telephone or company website, and then the company collects the requests and consequently delivers them to the customer. The business strengths include partnerships with other restaurants and print and online advertisement. However, their weaknesses rely on diversity as they only deal in restaurant industry and have not considered exploration possibilities. Registration Express refers to a company that conducts registration of a customer’s vehicle at the Department of Motor Vehicles. The inherent strengths of the company involve its comprehensive techniques, ideas, skills, and knowledge relating to the varied requirements for vehicle registration at the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV). Besides, the company has long lasting intimate relationship with majority of the employees at DMV who willingly assist them. The main weakness of the company remains that it specifically advertises its services only online via social media including Facebook. Moreover, the company remains entirely dependent on the inherent regulations outlined by DMV. Grocereaze exists as a new business, and not much information remains available concerning the corporation. The company provides services relating to shopping and delivery of groceries to their esteemed customers. Grocereaze advertises via bulletin boards. Guam Concierge Services will employ technological applications in order to differentiate itself from other concierge-related companies within Guam, and guarantee an inherent reputation based on its trusted service. The company will use Dashboard cameras and Ipads to ensure provision of trusted services to customers. The business would initiate a policy that will require Dashboard cameras to remain turned on while performing errands for a client. Based on Dashboard cameras, if there will exist any disputes in the service offered by the company a camera would provide a timestamp and record all

Nike Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nike - Essay Example In the next section, industry analysis has been done to analyze the structure of the industry. It has been found that Nike is facing significant direct and indirect competition however, because of the capabilities of the company; it has been able to improve its business operations. The financial analysis shows a strong financial position of the company. In the last section the business level strategy of the company has been discussed and challenges have been highlighted. Finally, recommendations have been given to improve business strategy. Changing technological trends even in the women’s footwear industry such as designs of women’s footwear are based on woman’s biomechanics such as air bags are designed in consideration to right pounds per square inch Nike’s major competitors include Reebok (domination in women’s aerobics). Adidas appeared as a major competitor of Nike in women’s market because it introduced fashion performance business by introducing fashionable athletic wear. In the Yoga market, Nike faced competition with Puma’s brand Olive. New Balance also appeared as a direct competitor of Nike in women’s market. Nike was leading in women’s running market. In apparel sector, Nike’s major competitors were Reebok and Adidas and company’s shares were very low because of fragmented market structure. Because of changing in competitive market, Nike also faced competition from various other small or large brands like Under Armour, Danskin and Lulu Lemon etc. However, Nike has the advantage that an integrated women fitness service is offered by none of the company. As stated in the case study (2006), in the global branded footwear industry, Adidas acquired Reebok and had the second largest market shares of 34 percent. Nike was the leader in branded footwear industry with 38 percent market shares. The other international footwear brands competing in this industry include Puma, Umbro, Mizuno

Music Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Music Management - Essay Example supervision of studio inventive administrators, gives a "green light" to studio creation subsidizing, and disperses the finished film with the studio-affiliated wholesaler utilizing the merchants stores to cover P&A costs. An autonomous maker (or screenwriter, chief, performing artist or on-screen character) may have initially presented the thought, idea, fundamental property, layout, summation, treatment or screenplay to the studio, however rights to deliver as a movie were then gained by the studio. In the event that the maker or others stay appended, they do as such as representatives of the studio or venture (Wise Geek Editors, 2012). Production Financing/Distribution Agreement- The independent producer gives the securing/improvement financing (or raises such supports from speculators) and takes the arrangement to a studio/merchant with a genuinely finish bundle (i.e., huge components are joined). The studio/merchants cash used to deliver and appropriate the photo. The circulation agreement is gone into (hypothetically) before they begin production or if nothing else before the end of the generation. The merchant will deduct its charge, recover wholesaler costs, and gather enthusiasm on the creation cash credit and after that decrease the negative expense with staying gross receipts, if any(Wise Geek Editors, 2012). Negative Pickups (and different manifestations of moneylender creation cash financing) - The free maker gives securing/improvement financing (or raises such supports from financial specialists) and acquires one or more merchant responsibilities and insurances. This is to buy the finished picture (for the around the world, residential or global markets, or individual domains) if the completed film meets determined conveyance necessities (as put forward in subtle element in the appropriation agreement)(Wise Geek Editors, 2012). To remain relevant in the industry, the best approach to discover begins with placing ourselves in our clients shoes.

Hewlett packered Strategic Choices mgt 499 Essay

Hewlett packered Strategic Choices mgt 499 - Essay Example This report aims at understanding and analysing what changes Hurd has made to organisation and how it fits in with his vision for the company (HP, 2008). When Hurd was elected as the CEO of the Hewlett Packard, he also brought about a new vision for the company. He did not concentrate on the competition that the company faces. Hurd has a strong belief which he said out in one of the meeting, where he mentioned that it is important to understand how long it might take for a company to ensure the work is done. He has always believed that HP has a very high potential to improve a lot and that a few changes will help the company grow to higher levels of success. This he has been able to achieve and show in the results. Once Mark was appointed it was within five months that the company started showing improvements. He emphasised on the no ‘Drama’ nonsense and it was felt through out the organisation. Hurd brought in a strict environment of ‘No – nonsense’ which has created a strong impact over the entire organisation. Hurd has shown the importance he gives to the company performance and has been a person who believes in numbers, spreadsheets and mainly execution. He has proved in his traits that he would not tolerate any nonsense and did not believe in pitching high visions for the company. Hurd has during the first five months of his tenure tried to calm things down in the company. The company has had an idea where the company has some earthshaking event once every 15 minutes. Hurd has tried to ensure this is firstly settled as it is not clear where this idea has been developed from. Hurd believes in executing and does not bother about what is being spoken or said. Hurd has worked really hard to ensure there is complete accountability for every employee within the organisation. Hurd emphasised that the company is in no way the same old pre – Fiorina HP. Hurd as mentioned earlier is very results

Benefits and Risks of Using the Internet Essay Example for Free

Benefits and Risks of Using the Internet Essay What are the benefits and risks of using the Internet as a source of informationwhen writing assignments for Master’s programmes? Searching for information on the Internet is a methodology when writing essays for Master’s programmes. Obviously, both the advantages and disadvantages of this methodology can be found. The merits of using the Internet are obvious. It is very likely that MSc students are able to find more materials on the Internet quickly and conveniently. The huge amount of information is just a click away from the assignment writers. As for MSc students, they can search the e-library of their university and other data base from around the world. Furthermore, all of this work can be done at home within few minutes. Besides, the information on the Internet is always more vivid than that in books, because the forms of information are various. There are video materials, audio materials, image materials and so on. In these forms, it is more easily for students to understand the theoretical content of their programmes, because Master’s programmes are hard to understand. On the other hand, I would agree that there are drawbacks to using the Internet. Admittedly, because of convenience, the writers tend to rely on souce materials instead of creating by themselves. What’s worse, some writers even plagiarize other people achievements. In addition, some materials from the Internet may be inaccurate or even wrong, which might mislead MSc students. In sum, students are the beneficiaries of the Internet, although misusing the Internet as a source of information is harmful. Therefore, MSc students should use the Internet carefully in terms of finding source materials for assignment.

The poem English Book by Jane Weir Essay Example for Free

The poem English Book by Jane Weir Essay What do you think the poet is saying about some teachers of English and the way they mark a students book in the poem English Book by Jane Weir? How does the poet present her opinions? (18 marks) Jane Weir seems very unimpressed by the way her sons English teacher marks his book. She is describing her visit to a Parents Evening and starts by plunging straight in with the pronoun they to begin the poem in the middle of the consultation. The first two lines express her surprise that they seem unaffected by their years in a classroom, all sitting upright and correctly to meet the mother. She lists the procedures that teachers have to go through and the words or so they say suggest she has little respect for the latest thinking or belief in the criminal checks that are made to protect children. One particular teacher, probably the boys English teacher, shows the mother his English book, her eyes showing a length of pity that the boys spelling, punctuation and general presentation are so weak. The mother is appalled that his writing has been butchered by the teachers red pen. The teacher has very little understanding that (according to the mother) she is killing the childs creativity by concentrating so much on his technical mistakes. The poet, probably writing from real experience, cannot get the teachers to understand that her son has ability with words and that they are not appreciating or encouraging his ideas. The whole poem is full of imagery. The teachers are compared to books: they bear no tide mark and have perfect spines probably unlike the condition of the exercise book that the mother is about to be shown. Later metaphors (lines 13 to 15) seem to describe textiles, in the same way that Jane Weir weaves fabric imagery into her poem Poppies selvedge, rolls out flecked with heartfelt perhaps to express the situation from a womans point of view. The mother is obviously very angry at the way her sons written work has been treated and an extended metaphor compares the teachers marking to the violent acts of a butcher reducing a carcass to lumps of bloody meat. Red punctuation marks have chopped up his words; circles around his misspelt words are nooses to hang his confidence; her pen is an axe to destroy his sentence structures. The resulting page is piled with offal. After the butchering, only the inedible (unreadable) parts are left, nevertheless the mother believes her son is very intelligent. She sees the oracle in his entrails and the jazz /of his sequencing would seem to describe a lively imagination at work. From the mothers point of view the excessive emphasis on the importance of technical accuracy is harming the boy and the teacher makes little effort to listen to the mothers concerns or to see anything worth praising in the boys writing. Described metaphorically as a starved lion-cub waiting for a word kill, this final image presents a child, waiting hungrily to experience and enjoy language, but being starved by a teacher who cannot see what beats at (the) centre of his writing.

Corporate Restructuring As A Strategic Decision Management Essay

Corporate Restructuring As A Strategic Decision Management Essay The interrelationships between organisation, strategic management and business environmental conditions have been enduring themes of organisation and management theory over the last 4 decades, and restructuring has emerged as a significant mechanism in the successful adaptation of organisations to environmental influences (Clark, 2004). The 1980s were characterised by a wave of important restructuring activities, this wave has become increasingly common during the 1990s (Lin, Lee Peterson, 2006; Park Kim, 2008). The concept of restructuring is still a matter of debate and controversy because of the modernity of the subject. Bowman and Singh (1993) described restructuring as change aims to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of management teams performance through considerable changes in organisational structure. Staniforth (1994) defined restructuring as opportunities for change, improvements in the organisation, and to achieve the benefits of cost, the benefits of strategic d ecision-making, the benefits of communication, and other benefits to the organisation. Restructuring is a fundamental change that significantly affects the organisation, and takes place either at the organisational level or radically reorganising activities and relationships at the business unit level (Alkhafaji, 2001). Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson (2001) argued that restructuring is a strategy through which the organisation can change its financial or commercial position. Stevenson, Bartunek and Borgatti (2003) described restructuring as attempts to get people within the organisation to work more closely together. Restructuring is a purposeful strategic option for organisation renewal (Brauer, 2006), typically includes a set of activities such as downsizing, sale of a business line, closures or consolidation of facilities, business relocation, or changes in management structure, which often occur as part of organisational strategies intended to improve efficiency, control costs, and adapt to an ever changing business environment (Lin, Lee Peterson, 2006). Thus, modifications of the organisations assets, capital structure, and organisational structure fall into the general concept of corporate restructuring (Singh, 1993; Bowman et al., 1999). Restructuring refers to the transformation of corporate structure (Bowman Singh, 1990), organisational re-configuration (Bowman Singh, 1993), refocusing (Markides, 1995), down scoping (Hitt et al., 1994; Johnson, 1996), and patching (Eisenhardt Brown, 1999; Siggelkow, 2002). The term restructuring is mainly used to denote considerable changes in the assets and structural components of organisations through conscious managerial actions. Bowman and Singh (1990) claimed that restructuring is aimed at achieving individual, financial, strategic, and/or operational goals and objectives. Bowman et al. (1999), differentiate three key forms of restructuring: portfolio restructuring, related to the changes in the portfolios of businesses held by diversified organisations, including acquisitions, mergers, divestitures etc. ; financial restructuring, which includes considerable changes in the capital structure of an organisation, and organisational restructuring, which includes significant changes in the organisational structure of the organisation, including divisional redesign and downsizing. Advocates of corporate restructuring argue that the result of restructuring activities is a leaner and more efficient corporate (Singh, 1993). Critics, however, contend that restructuring damages the organisation and its internal and external stakeholders (Seth Easterwood, 1993). 2.2.4.2 Key Drivers of Restructuring: In the 1960s and 1970s, several organisations diversified their business predominantly via the acquisition of businesses unrelated to their core activities, thus frequently realising conglomerate status (Shleifer Vishny, 1991; Hoskisson Hitt, 1994; Davis, Diekmann, Tinsley, 1994; Servaes, 1996; Johnson, 1996; Bergh, 2001). During the 1980s and 1990s, many diversified organisations were reorganised as a result of organisational refocusing initiatives intended to cut down both the breath of organisation portfolios (i.e., lower levels of diversification) and overall organisation size, thus eventually translating into organisations holding more related diversified activities (Williams, Paez Sanders, 1988; Markides, 1992; Davis, Diekmann, Tinsley, 1994; Kose Ofek, 1995; Comment Jarrell, 1995; Berger Ofek, 1995; Johnson, 1996, Cascio, 2002, Park Kim, 2008). A related diversified business is one in which the company controls businesses that share similarities in markets, products, and/or technologies with the intent of allowing organisation management to take advantage of the interrelationships between the related businesses (Rumelt, 1974; Palepu, 1985; Hoskisson Hitt, 1990; Hoskisson Hitt, 1994). As already mentioned, a multitude of theoretical and empirical investigations into the antecedents of restructuring have shown that different factors precipitate corporate restructuring. Restructuring literature reveals that there are four key drivers of restructuring. 2.2.4.2.1 The Agency justification: The premier justification as to why companies engage in restructuring is in response to less than acceptable performance (Montgomery, Thomas Kamath, 1984; Duhaime Grant, 1984; Hoskisson, Johnson Moesel, 1994; Hoskisson Hitt, 1994; Markides, 1995; Johnson, 1996; Markides Singh, 1997, Filatotchev, Buck, Zhukov, 2000, Love Nohria, 2005; Perry Shivdasani, 2005; DSouza, Megginson, Nash, 2007; Hsieh, 2010). In other words, a company divests organisational assets with the intent of improving organisational performance, whether it is their organisational performance in respect to competitors, the overall industry, or a predetermined objective (Greve, 1998). Research has undoubtedly demonstrated that organisations engaged in restructuring often are performing unsatisfactorily prior to the initiation of corporate restructuring (Duhaime Grant, 1984; Montgomery, Thomas Kamath, 1984; Sicherman Pettway, 1987; Duhaime Baird, 1987; Ravenscraft Scherer, 1987; Montgomery Thomas, 1988; H oskisson Johnson, 1992; Markides, 1992; Hoskisson Hitt, 1994; Hoskisson, Johnson Moesel, 1994; Lang, Poulson Stulz, 1995; Markides, 1995; Johnson, 1996; Markides Singh, 1997; Bowman et al., 1999; Bergh, 2001; Love Nohria, 2005; Perry Shivdasani, 2005; DSouza, Megginson, Nash, 2007; Hsieh, 2010). The majority of large organisations exhibit periodic corporate restructuring involving simultaneous changes in strategy, organisational structure, management systems, and corporate top management members. Such corporate restructuring usually follows declining organisational performance (Grant, 2008). Jain (1985), for example, found that organisation performance began to suffer nearly a year prior to restructuring and caused negative excess stock return of 10.8% within the period of one year prior to the restructuring. Such evaluations of ones own organisational performance are considerable since sound organisational performance is required to ensure the sustenance and survival of the corporate (Child, 1972), as well as offering feedback to the organisations as to the viability of their plans (Cyert March, 1963). Thompson (1967) notes that publicly traded organisations closely monitor changes in the value of their stock since the market exhibits a visible social judgment about the organisations fitness for the organisational future. The agency justification of restructuring, poor organisational performance as an antecedent of restructuring (Ravenscraft Scherer, 1987; Hoskisson Turk, 1990; Hoskisson Hitt, 1994; Markides Singh, 1997; Filatotchev, Buck, Zhukov, 2000) has become the leading justification in the literature to account for the corporate restructuring wave of the 1980s. Mainly, this rationale claims that organisation performance needs to be improved as a direct outcome of past managerial incompetence, which includes excessive levels of diversification, inappropriate diversification, unprofitable investments, and substandard investments in RD. For example, it is argued that decision makers frequently increased organisation size and levels of diversification without comparable increases in organisation value (Jensen, 1986; Hoskisson Turk, 1990; Jensen, 1993; Johnson, 1996). Moreover, it is argued that strategic decision makers have the opportunity to diversify their firms even when doing so does not enhance the market value of the organisation because their personal wealth is associated more with organisation size than to organisation performance (Jensen Meckling, 1976; Amihud Lev, 1981; Bethel Liebeskind, 1993). Grant, Jammine and Thomas (1988) found that increased degrees of diversification gave rise to decreased organisations returns, thus implying that, over time, strategic decision makers sacrificed performance for diversification and growth. Empirical studies (e.g., Rumelt, 1974; Wernerfelt Montgomery, 1988; Lubatkin Chatterjee, 1991; Palich, Cardinal, Miller, 2000; Bergh, 2001; Mayer Whittington, 2003) have substantiated such a conclusion by arguing that organisations pursuing a organisational strategy of unrelated diversification possess lower market returns than organisations pursuing related diversification and growth strategies. Supporter of the agency justification suggest that such managerial inefficiencies occur considerably as a consequence of agency costs (i.e., enlarged managerial consumption of organisational resources resulting from poor, or ineffective governance systems). Essentially, this perspective argues that the board of directors, ownership concentration, and decision makers incentives were inefficient and led to the failure of organisational governance as a mechanism (Hoskisson Turk, 1990; Jensen, 1993; Bethel Liebeskind, 1993; Gibbs, 1993; Hoskisson, Johnson, Moesel, 1994; Johnson, Daily, Ellstrand, 1996; Johnson, 1996; Chatterjee Harrison, 2001). Although never clearly clarified in the literature, poor governance is believed to be identified by diffusion of shareholdings among foreign owners, certain characteristics of strategic decision makers (e.g., insignificant equity ownership by strategic decision makers and board members or an insignificant number of outsiders sitting on the bo ard), and decision makers and board members passivity (Johnson, Hoskisson, Hitt, 1993; Bethel Liebeskind, 1993; Gibbs, 1993; Johnson, 1996; Westphal Fredrickson, 2001; Dalton et al, 2003). Thus, the agency perspective has made restructuring synonymous with poor corporate governance (Hoskisson Turk, 1990; Bethel Liebeskind, 1993; Markides Singh, 1997). 2.2.4.2.2 The Mimicry Justification: It is argued that organisations restructure as a consequence of mimicking the behaviour of other firms that are engaged in the divestiture activities (Markides Singh, 1997). In line with mimetic isomorphism (DiMaggio Powell, 1983; Oliver, 1991), this perspective claims that organisations, either intentionally or unintentionally, engage in mimicry of organisational patterns of other actors in their networks who are realised as more successful or legitimate. Strategic decision makers engaged in such imitation consider that their actions will be perceived as rational (Meyer Rowan, 1977; DiMaggio Powell, 1983). Such claims were adopt by Davis, Diekmann, and Tinsley (1994) in their justification of the decline of the conglomerate organisation in the United States of America during the period of 1980s. 2.2.4.2.3 The Environmental Justification: Scholars (e.g., Meyer, Brooks, Goes, 1990; Grinyer McKiernan, 1990; Hoskisson Hitt, 1990; Shleifer Vishny, 1991; Kose, Lang Netter, 1992; Chatterjee, 1992; Johnson, 1996; Bergh Lawless, 1998; Robinson Shimizu, 2006; Park, 2007; Park Kim, 2008; Nag Pathak, 2009) have suggested that environmental circumstances serve as antecedents to increased corporate restructuring. It is argued that antitrust policy shifts, tax rationales, junk bond financing, intense competition, deregulation, technology developments and changes, and takeover activities through the market for organisational control are reasons for the significant increase in corporate restructuring activity in the 1980s (Johnson, 1996). A synthesis of studies exploring such associations suggests that changes in the environmental conditions, which increase environmental uncertainty or turbulence, result in a greater likelihood of corporate restructuring. Grinyer McKiernan (1990), for example, suggested that corporate restructuring may result from changes in the industrial sector that create an aspiration-induced crisis built on the current organisational performance or market share and where strategic decision makers believe the firm ought to be. Further support of the environmental conditions argument was conducted by Meyer, Brooks and Goes (1990) who explored organisational strategic responses to discontinuous change at the industrial sector level. They explored the hospital industry in San Francisco state, which was facing considerable environmental turbulence, which led to excess capacity, regulatory changes, and resource scarcity. To deal with these environmental changes the hospital industry engaged in spin-of fs of unnecessary areas, underwent divestitures of peripheral activities, and created networks among the hospitals to respond to the need for managed health care in the San Francisco state. Moreover, a third study to justify the environmental conditions perspective was offered by Bergh and Lawless (1998), who explored external uncertainty and its influence on the strategic decisions the organisation makes. Their study suggested that organisations experienced with highly uncertain circumstances engage in divestitures to cut down the expenses of managing a diverse portfolio. Scholars (e.g., Garvin, 1983; Ito, 1995, Campa Kedia, 2002; Rose Ito, 2005) have contended that restructuring can be a reaction to shocks in the external environment. Dodonova and Khoroshilov (2006) found that divestiture activities tend to occur during economic booms, whereas Campa and Kedia (2002) suggested the opposite. Divestiture activities seem more likely to occur in ever-changing business environments and highly competitive markets (Ito, 1995; Eisenhardt Brown, 1999). Because large organisations form significant parts of the task environments of other firms, one organisations restructuring may tend to create environmental instability for other firms, particularly those in the same industrial sector. Such claim is explicit in Brown and Eisenhardts (1998) perspective of strategy as structured chaos. They argue that the best-performing organisations consistently lead change in their industrial sectors. According to Brown and Eisenhardts (1998) theory, such organisations dominate their markets. In fact, these organisations become the environment for others. Not only do they lead environmental change, but these organisations also set the rhythm and pace of that environmental change within their industrial sectors (Brown Eisenhardt , 1998). The role of restructuring in creating environmental turbulence and change is also implicit in the stream of research based on the hyper-competition concept (e.g., DAveni, 1994; Young, Smith, Grimm, 1998; Thomas, 19 98). The primary idea of hyper-competition is that competing firms engage in a continuous series of strategic actions that undercut the key advantages acquired by their competitors (DAveni, 1994; Smith Zeithaml, 1998). Such process is interchangeable, as objectives of competitive initiatives respond to those initiatives with actions of their own, their goals counter-respond, and so on. Therefore, changes in competition are among the most significant environmental factors for strategic decision makers to consider in corporate restructuring (Johnson, 1996). Competition may intensify because of the diversity of strategies by organisations in an industrial sector, a change in the power balance of organisations, and shifts in market demand (Porter, 1980). To cope with the challenges of increasing competition, strategic decision makers of organisations are usually encouraged to take further risk and often respond by corporate restructuring (Cool, Dierickx, Jemison, 1989). According to G rinyer and McKiernan (1990), competitive changes tend to an aspiration-induced crisis. When the competitive environment changes, corporate restructuring helps organisations to realise synergies, allocate resources, and improve organisational performance (Chatterjee, 1986; Hoskisson Hitt, 1988; Bergh, 1995; Bergh 1998). Another significant environmental antecedent of restructuring, the degree of government regulation, is a tool to control high risk-taking at the organisation level: when an economy is greatly regulated, firms are faced with bounded discretion in their strategic decisions (Wiseman Catanach, 1997). The reduction of governmental involvement increases the strategic decision-making discretion of organisations, improves the effectiveness of governance systems, and decreases the barriers to investments (Ramamurti, 2000). On the other hand, reduced governmental intervention increases the degree of uncertainty for organisations due to the increase in the variety of stakeholders, the rise of newly privatised organisation, and a concomitant increase in the probability of bankruptcy (Megginson Netter, 2001). Moreover, regulatory changes are positively associated with changes in organisation risk-taking strategies and behaviour, such as acquisitions (Ginsberg Buchholtz, 1990; Datta, Narayanan, Pinches, 1992). Under deregulation, according to Rajagopalan and Spreitzer (1997), less-focused, defender-like organisations tend to shift to greater focused, prospector-like strategies. 2.2.4.2.4 The Strategic Justification: Scholars suggest that organisation strategy is a driver of restructuring (Montgomery, Thomas, Kamath, 1984; Duhaime Grant, 1984; Baysinger Hoskisson, 1989; Markides, 1992; Markides, 1995; Johnson, 1996). In other words, restructuring may be associated with an organisations corporate or business level strategy. The strategic perspective claims that organisations decide to restructure for either corrective or proactive goals. Corrective divestiture activities are intended to make up for former strategic mistakes (Porter, 1987; Hitt et al, 1996), to reduce exaggerated diversification (Markides, 1992; Hoskisson, Johnson, Moesel, 1994), to refocus on core activities and businesses (Markides, 1992; Seth Easterwood, 1993), to react to an increase in industrial sector competition (Aron, 1991), to realign organisation strategy with the organisations identity (Mitchell, 1994; Zuckerman, 2000), to eliminate negative alliances (Miles Rosenfeld, 1983; Rosenfeld, 1984), or to deal with organ isational problems such as bad organisational governance (Hoskisson, Johnson, Moesel, 1994). On the other hand, the target of proactive divestitures is to restructure the organisational portfolio (Hitt et al., 1996; Bowman et al., 1999) by routinely redesigning, splitting, changing or exiting activities and businesses to cope with changing environment opportunities (Eisenhardt Brown, 1999; Siggelkow, 2002). This restructuring is aimed at creating a more efficient organisational governance system ( Seward Walsh, 1996), improving organisational profitability and performance (Woo, Willard, Daellenbach, 1992; Mitchell, 1994; Fluck Lynch, 1999; Haynes, Thompson, Wright, 2002), obtaining more cash flow (Jensen, 1989; Hitt et al., 1996), decreasing high level of debit (Montgomery, Thomas, Kamath, 1984; Hitt et al, 1996; Allen McConnell, 1998) or tax payments (Schipper Smith, 1986; John, 1993; Vijh, 2002), acquiring better business contracts from regulators (Schipper Smith, 1986; Woo, Willard, Daellenbach, 1992), or enhancing organisational entrepreneurship and innovativeness (Garvin, 1983; Cassiman Ueda, 2006). From a strategic view, most divesting organisations seem to be more diversified than their industrial sector counterparts (Hoskisson, Johnson, Moesel, 1994; Haynes, Thompson, Wright, 2003). Over-diversification pushes an organisation toward de-conglomeration and de-diversification as a correction of its strategic decisions and choices. Nevertheless, in very specific contexts, divestiture processes are also used to improve diversification (such as spin-offs processes in Japan) (Ito, 1995). Over-diversification decreases innovation and entrepreneurial spirit within organisations. Extremely diversified organisations tend to give priority to financial controls, to ignore strategic controls and therefore create less organisational innovation (Hitt et al., 1996), and to enlarge managerial risk aversion (Hoskisson, Johnson, Moesel, 1994). Thus, according to Garvin (1983), an organisation may engage in unbundling processes to enhance its entrepreneurial spirit and its organisational innov ation, or to enter technology-based and immature activities. Spin-offs processes, for example, can be used to encourage entrepreneurial spirit and organisational innovation in the divested business unit, while the parent gains some advantages from the new product, service, or technology developed in the independent organisation (Garvin, 1983). 2.2.5 Linkage Between Environmental Conditions, Decision Makers, and Restructuring as a Strategic Decision: The antecedents of restructuring show that restructuring is a strategic phenomenon. There are several postulates underlie such a perspective. The first postulate is that strategic restructuring decision is typically an organisational response to changing internal and/or external conditions. The second postulate is that internal and external pressures and influences are largely, but not totally, clear and identifiable in initiating such strategic restructuring. The third postulate is that numerous organisations currently experience these clear pressures and influences for a strategic adaptive response, and that large numbers of these firms seek to respond by strategic restructuring. A fourth and final postulate is that corporate restructuring generally improves organisation performance. Taken together, these postulates form the basis for a strategic view on corporate restructuring; in other words, that there are forces, pressures, and influences that provide a stimulus for strategic r estructuring, that these pressures affect several organisations, large numbers of whom respond by corporate restructuring, which improves organisational performance. However, two important questions should be raised: how do you decide which restructuring strategy to apply to which organisation? And what are the key factors affecting the strategic decision-making process and consequently restructuring decision as strategic choice? Although external environment has been identified as a significant variable in explaining numerous organisational phenomena (Jones, Jacobs, Spijker, 1992), scholars (Hitt Tyler, 1991; Eisenhardt Zbaracki, 1992; Dean Sharfman, 1993; Rajagopalan, Rasheed Datta, 1993, Papadakis Barwise, 1997; Brouthers, Brouthers, Werner, 2000; Hough White, 2003) realise that an organisations economic environment and competitive circumstances alone cannot clearly explain the nature of strategic decisions and its performance outcomes. So, to enhance the performance of their patterns, strategists have begun to focus on the behavioural factors of organisational strategic decision-making. This growing recognition to the significance of the behavioural element has naturally a focus on the individuals characteristics responsible for making these organisational strategic decisions. In public sector organisations the top managers are considered to be responsible for achieving the alignment of the organi sation with its environmental conditions (Andrews, 1971; Child, 1972). These decision makers must gather the significant information by which to make strategic decisions, analyse this input, deduce alternative approaches of action for the organisation, and finally choose and implement a particular strategic action for the organisation. The relationships between strategic decision makers, strategic decision-making processes, and organisational outcomes have been the key focus of top management research. Strategic decision makers, according to this research, do make a difference in the matter of organisation outcomes such as innovation strategies (Bantel Jackson, 1989; Camelo-Ordaz, Hernandez-Lara, Valle-Cabrera, 2005); organisational strategic change (Wiersema Bantel, 1992); and organisational performance (Hambrick Mason, 1984; Murray, 1989; Michel Hambrick, 1992; Peterson et al., 2003; Dwyer, Richard, Chadwick, 2003; Carpenter, Geletkanycz, Sanders, 2004). Such research suggested that certain demographic characteristics of the strategic decision makers (e.g., age, educational level, and tenure) were associated with organisational outcomes. Other scholars (Hitt, Ireland, Palia, 1982; Gupta Govindarajan, 1984; Walsh Seward, 1990; Davis Thompson, 1994; Westphal Fredrickson, 2001) have found that decision m akers characteristics such as experience are linked to the organisational strategic orientations. The empirical relations found between demographic characteristics of decision makers and organisational outcomes suggest that functional backgrounds might have significant ramifications for organisational strategic decision-making. Scholars have found that functional experience tends to restrict the areas to which strategic decision makers pay attention and may lead them to neglect certain stimuli (Beyer et al., 1997). Moreover, managerial experience affects the types of changes that decision makers perceive in the effectiveness of their firm, but not its environment (Waller, Huber, Glick, 1995) Managerial experiences shape the cognitive perspective of strategic decision makers (Hambrick Mason, 1984). The upper echelons theory claims that the strategic decision makers observable experiences affect their orientation and that strategic choice (Hambrick Mason, 1984; Finkelstein Hambrick, 1996; Pansiri, 2007). Therefore, according to Gupta (1984), decision makers differ in the sets of abilities, skills, and views that they bring to a company. Managerial skills, abilities, and perspectives are largely a function of previous functional backgrounds, personal backgrounds, and educational level. In other words, cognitive perspectives brought to bear on strategic decisions are a result of the various experiences that strategic decision makers acquire during their organisational careers (Schwenk, 1988). Research on organisational strategic issue diagnosis has drew attention to how decision makers cognitions can affect several aspects of the organisational strategic decision-making process from environmental scanning (Daft, Sormunen, Parks, 1988; Milliken, 1990; Abiodun, 2009), processing and analysis (Gioia, 1986; Dutton Duncan, 1987; Herrmann Datta, 2005), the evaluation of alternative approaches, and implementation of selected strategic decision (Dutton Jackson, 1987; Ganster, 2005; Kauer, Waldeck, Scha ¨ffer, 2007). Strategic decision makers cognitive perspectives or mental maps represent experientially acquired reference frames which involve sets of different criteria, standards of evaluation, and strategic decision rules that can restrict as well as facilitate the organisational ability to change. While strategic decision makers cognitive perspectives or mental frameworks provide a significant reference point for strategic decision-making, they can also extremely constrain the ability of the organisation to adapt to changing environmental demands. Weick (1979) argued that decision makers act on impoverished perspectives of the world. According to Schwenk (1988) cognitive limitations can thus provide biases into managerial schemata which can negatively influence the nature of strategic decision-making. The experientially acquired nature of strategic decision makers cognitive views makes them probably to be more reflective of previous organisational scenarios and strategic decisions than of present ones. By depending on past images of historical environmental conditions and competitive circumstances, strategic decision makers may not be able to realise or adequately define the need for organisational change. Thus strategic decision makers cognitive perspectives can determine the ability of the firm to cope with changing requirements and times and therefore decision makers can act as a stabilizing power on the organisation. Scholars (e.g. Schwenk, 1984; Wiersema Bantel, 1992; Eisenhardt Zbaracki, 1992; Waller, Huber Glick, 1995; Tyler Steensma, 1998) have argued that strategic decision makers characteristics might limit information search, processing, and/or retrieval in spite of decision makers desire to make strategic decisions according to the environmental requirements and conditions. As stated in social motivation perspective, managers may remain committed to specific courses of action based on their need to sustain consistency (Staw, 1981; Brockner, et al., 1986; Taylor Brown, 1988; Brockner, 1992; Keil, Mann, Rai, 2000; Biyalogorsky, Boulding, Staelin, 2006; Keil, Depledge, Rai, 2007). The incentives and needs that drive managers have significant ramification for strategic decisions: First, strategic decision makers who encounter information consistent with their cognitive perspectives or sets of beliefs will support that information. Second, strategic decision makers who are heavily inve sted in or committed to a specific approach of action are more likely to ignore information that does not consistent with their previous strategic decisions. Finally, only strategic decision makers who are committed to performing under scenarios of change will be willing and receptive to incorporate inconsistent information. Accordingly, research on social motivation argues that strategic decision makers are best at being receptive and willing to information that only marginally deviates from their sets of beliefs, while key changes are more unlikely to be easily incorporated. Moreover, strategic decision makers will probably ignore information that considerably deviates from their cognitive perspectives or sets of beliefs. Finally, Strategic decision makers can become embedded within the corporate routines and organisational processes that contribute to sustaining the status quo (Pfeffer Salancik, 1978; Staw Ross, 1980; Daft Weick, 1984; Tushman Romanelli, 1985). With growing organisational tenure and function experience and considerable familiarity with organisational processes and routines, strategic decision makers become susceptible to the organisational inertias factors. Miller (1991) argued that increasing managerial tenure results in corporate insularity. Over time, corporate exposure tends to lead to consistency to organisational norms and values (Kanter, 1977). Strategic decision makers may act as a stable governance system that determines the organisations ability to change. Decision makers experiences and perspectives reinforce prior courses of organisational strategic decision-making (Staw Ross, 1980). Therefore, managerial turnover provides an important mechanism by which firms can re align themselves with external environmental circumstances (Thompson, 1967; Katz Kahn, 1978; Perrow, 1986). By changing the power distribution within the firm, thus influencing the dynamics of strategic decision-making processes (Pfeffer Salancik, 1978), managerial turnover serves as a key force to overcome organisational resistance and inertia (Tushman Romanelli, 1985). Moreover, managerial turnover, according to Wiersema and Bantel (1993), may help the organisation to cope with radical changes in its external environment by introducing new values, beliefs, and knowledge ba

How Important is the Encryption Debate? Essay -- Encryption Market Ess

How Important is the Encryption Debate? The encryption debate is intense and heated in certain circles, but is of no major concern to the vast majority of people in the United States. Most of the people I talk to regard its regulation to be of little consequence, or too complicated to take a position on. Indeed, the prevailing opinion I encounter is that is an area best left to the experts who understand its capabilities, uses and dangers. While no one really trusts the government, in the face of the sundry bogeymen evoked by law enforcement agents as a rationale for protecting the people, most people are hard pressed to stand up and speak of the inviolability of their privacy rights. How can I justify my concerns over personal privacy when faced with the specters of kidnappers, terrorists and drug lords? Why get worked up about it if you have nothing to hide anyway? Why insist to uphold seemingly inconsequential principles in the face of national security concerns? The reason is that the principles fostering this heated d ebate are some of the core principles that formed our nation. This nation was created by the will of revolutionaries who challenged the principles of government (or lack thereof) that was imposed upon the colonies. After fighting a bloody war to secure independence, the colonies were forged into a nation of states upon federalist principles. It was a government of limited powers and sovereignties that bore the stamp of the framers distrust of an over-centralized government. The Bill of Rights was added to further confirm those federalist principles and to ensure the rights of the people before their government. These rights are the cornerstones upon which the United States was built and has flourished. ... ...affic analysis that could be even more significant than census information. Where are the people going next? This is how the Government stays one step ahead, instead of trying to shape policy through polling us, it notes our patterns of choices and plans accordingly. What does free market encryption really give us in response? The power to communicate as freely as we did before technological advances undermined those abilities. The Fourth Amendment was designed to be a limitation on the power of government to intrude on the privacy of its citizens, not a grant of privilege to law enforcement. Much as the framers of the Constitution expected to be free from surveillance in their papers and communications, the power of encryption can help regain the balance. And once it does, maybe we will realize that we had more in common with Paine and Jefferson than we think.

Claudio and Heros Relationship in Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing

Claudio and Hero are the idealised Elizabethan couple in the book because of the patriarchal society that the story is based on. This is because Hero is shown as a weak and powerless young woman while Claudio is described as a powerful and honourable man. In the wedding Claudio decides to shame her and says ‘There, Leonato, take her back again Give not this rotten orange to your friend’. Even when Hero is being insulted and accused of being a prostitute she does not defend herself and says ‘Is my lord well, that he doth speak so wide?’ Instead of defending herself she asks if Claudio is alright which displays a sign of weakness in her. Claudio and Hero’s relationship started off at love at first sight therefore they did not know each other when they fell in love which was bad because if only Claudio knew Hero better than he would not have to worry about the lies that entered his ear. When Claudio is tricked into believing Hero was going out with someone else he says ‘If I see any thing tonight why I should not marry her tomorrow in the congregation, where I should wed, there will...

Global Positioning System :: Space Satellites Technology Essays

Global Positioning System Did you know that there are 24 GPS satellites in orbit at this moment? The 24 satellites cost an estimated $12 billion to build and launch. Each satellite weighs about 1,735 lb and takes 12 hours to orbit the Earth once. They are in orbit about 12,500 mi above the Earth. The first GPS satellite was launched in 1978 followed by the launching of the first Block 2 satellite, second generation of GPS satellites, in 1989. GPS stands for Global Positioning System, which is a worldwide radio navigation system. It is a network made up of 24 satellites which orbit the earth and allow a person to receive information about their location. These satellites will allow to pin point your exact location and calculate your coordinates. Now with the advancement in technology, you can make 6measurements of where you are to the nearest centimeter. So GPS allows to determine your precise longitude, latitude and altitude anywhere in the planet. GPS works through handheld GPS units which are easily available anywhere. Nowadays with the advancement in technology they are being used not only in ships and airplanes, but are now built into cars as well. This helps a driver if they get lost. As for the hand held units, they are great for hikers or those who travel on foot or bikes. It wont be soon before GPS will become as basic as telephones. As mentioned before, there is a network of 24 satellites that orbit the Earth. It is required to have at least four of them above the horizon. Usually though, there are around eight satellite’s available. GPS works using these satellites to measure the distances between places by means of radio waves. Distance is calculated by the amount of time taken by signal to travel from satellite to receiver. This time can be calculated using two kinds of clocks. An atomic clock or an quartz clock. An atomic clock would be extremely precise for this operation, however with its high cost it is not feasible to use. So then with its high costs, atomic clocks are only employed in satellites.

Interlocking Spurs

An Interlocking Spur Is a physical feature which consists of: a valley In the form of t he letter V, a river bank (the part of a river where the land begins and where the land slowly g higher and higher until reaching water level), a source (the first place in a river where water begins to flow), a channel(the outline of a shallow narrow body of water) and spurs. 3. The formation of an Interlocking Spur takes a very long time due to the many stage It must undergo to finally become an Interlocking Spur.It begins as flowing water which grad ally begins to erode the ground as it moves. At the same time rain causes the sides of the valley to begin eroding in a downwards fashion. In an attempt to find a path consisting of more resistant rocks. It begins to form small hills on the sides of the valley. As the sides of t he valley continue to erode, earth and rocks fall into the stream. They then become deep sited outside of the bends.This vertical erosion causes the formation of the narrow spurs, because the water is moving faster causing the interlocking spurs to be formed. Over time the spurs become more and more refined, so much so that it almost looks like a long zipper. 5. Examples of Interlocking Spurs: Interlocking spurs at Ashes Hollow, tributary to the River Severe Interlocking spurs looking up Kendall Beck, tributary to the River Breathy in Lake Did strict, Cambric,

Analysis of Feminism in Pride and Prejudice Essay

Abstract superciliousness and harm is a marvellous fig manpowert of Jane Austen. Although in her age, wowork force ar obedienceed as emotional, weak, nurturing, and submissive, Austen depicts her heroine, Elizabeth as a wo gentlemanhood who has her give perspectives, impressionings, and opinions. This paper analyses feminism in P loosee and Prejudice from its move and justton-d receive aspects. The former is reflected from the perspective of the guidance of muniment and movie of Elizabeth, while the latter(prenominal) is illustrated when this novel is restrict in antique family, that is, it compromises with custom and tradition of its time. Key language feminism, fe manlys narrative perspective, motion-picture show of Elizabeth, compromise.1. Introduction Pride and Prejudice is re instantaneouslyned as a masterpiece of Jane Austen for centuries. some(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) factors cont make funute to the success of it. The p bevy is enchanting it t ells how the hero, Darcy abbreviates rid of his pride and the heroine, Elizabeth nails over her disfavour and to know apiece separatewise and how they at coherent last maintain married. The piece technique is detectable as wholesome. Narrative perspective from Elizabeth influences readers judgement, which causes readers interpret of Darcy at the blood line.The correction of Elizabeths spirit of Darcys real graphic symbol in the last chapters creates wizard of the climaxes in this novel. Austens language is witty and concise, and many actors line be full of wisdom and humor. We whoremonger observe Austens feminism in Pride and Prejudice, although she may non hit it. The fib from a egg-producing(prenominal)s perspective is worth get uping. It provides us with a divers(prenominal) world from a males setting. Women atomic number 18 placed in the center of narration. In the novel, Elizabeth is placestanding among those women. She is a adult female who entai ls she is passable with men. However, feminism in this novel is conservative, for Austen did non go beyond social custom in her day. in that respect is virtu on the wholeything against feminism. Women argon nonoperational and dependent on man stinting solelyy. I will snap the progressiveness and conservativism in this novel.A rough friendship of Austens composing background is helpful for us to rede the analysis better. The story happens in the latish eighteenth or the early 19th century in a British rural country which is similar to Austens brio environment. In Austens day, for women did non work outside homogeneous men, their frugal lieu is quite low. Lack of economic independence as well as suggests that women permit to deposit on men after wedding party if they want to live decently. In comparability in economy leads to womens dependence. Inequality ca apply by social custom withal affects womens social status. The inferior position long occupied by women in immemorial society has been culturally, non biologically, produced. (Hornsby, 257) Men were regarded as governors of society, while women as objects governed by them. withal women themselves did not think they were as equal as men.They usurped it as a truth that men were innately introductory-class to them. However, in Pride and Prejudice, Elizabeth is against this handed-d own view. She has much(prenominal) confidence on her intelligence and perspicaciousness and at the time she is against tradition to some extent. Elizabeths distinction is a account of Austens awakening of feminism. This paper appreciates the females perspective of narration in Pride and Prejudice and the commission that Austen depicts Elizabeth as a char who has similar rack with feminists. Meanwhile, this paper notices that the novel has its limitation in terms of feminism. This paper analyses feminism in Pride and Prejudice from its progressive and conservative aspects2. Progress in Terms of fem inist movement2.1 The Females Narrative persuasion Special view localize is important to consider the idea and life own of the vote counter and thus far the writer. (Min Jie, 65) In conventional novels, the narrators ar al closely males, and male characters are usually in the center of narration. Then it is not strange that mens thoughts and experience are talked about yet those of women are heedlessnessed. In a mans narration, females are objects of observation they are passive and pick out no digressive prop starnt. (Cheshire, 158) The mental picture of females is simplified and polarized.There are sole(prenominal) two kind-hearteds of girls ripe(p) girls or painful girls. Good girl accepts her conventional sexual practice use and obeys the immemorial rules, while poisonous girl is the opposite. (Tyson, 38) The well-rounded character of females in real life does not get much attention. The cooking stove of women is materialized, partly out of mens imagin ation. They build the image agree to their expectation, taking for granted womens real feelings. Therefore, womens feelings are not hearkened and their feelings not perceived. This is a kind of neglect and even more discrimination. Fortunately Austen make a vaulting try in the men-governed novel world. Virginia Wolf once verbalise that men and womens concerns are signifi rafttly different. (Min Jie, 25) They understand things differently. Something that is trivial in mens eyes is credibly truly important in womens eyes. Austen alter the narrative perspective from male-centred to female-centred, emphasizing the thought of female subjectivity.She shows to readers how females react to the world. The story goes not with the affairs around the males, save with females life experience and feelings. Women are given discursive power, which is a rare case in traditional novels. Austen make great efforts to kind the rules in patriarchy. In this novel, Austen purposely limits her ex clusive unspoilt of narration. In the first ten chapters, the novel has an omniscient narrator who takes care of all the things and people. It shows basic background information to readers. As the story goes on, we get interested in Elizabeth and therefore the view begins to be knockout on her naturally. She change domains the heroine and the whole narration is confined to her world. What she sees and hears is the completely way for us to hold in information. Her attitudes and thoughts inevitably influence our judgment. In other(a) words, females that are narrated and controlled in traditional novels are endowed the discursive power.They spend a penny the ripe to talk about their opinions and make judgment. In the Bible, God takes out a rib from Adam to create Eve. This archetype all the time underlies the domination and superiority of males. In crease, females are repressed and even they themselves could not see their identity clearly. They are as daughters, wives and o btains. In short, they live for men. Nevertheless, in Pride and Prejudice, men are observed and judged. They endure the other, which Simone de Beauvoir called women. Austens description of males also impacts on the liberty of patriarchy. Elizabeth points out Darcys pride and after self-reflection, he corrects it. He gets improved with the help of Elizabeth. To some extent, Elizabeth plays the exercise of his tutor. (Zhang zhisong, 12)This is quite unusual in traditional novels. Austen changes the fact that males are placed above females. In Pride and Prejudice, females become the subjects of narration and men are learned. The discursive power mastered by men is now shared by women as well. Austen deconstructed the male-centred narration and helped eliminate the discrimination against women in writing tradition. In the novel, the narration from a female viewpoint is a challenge to the authority of patriarchy. Meanwhile, Austen made a big tempo in the history of female literature .2.2 picture of ElizabethAustens feminism is mainly substantiate in her depiction of Elizabeth. Different from traditional women, Elizabeth is no longer someone to ravish males, nor one to obey patriarchy. She is confident and independent and charming in someoneality. Austen starts to mould Elizabeth from the view that women are born equal with men in intelligence. This view reflects the confidence Austen has on women. She had a new view of women, which is shown in the description of Elizabeths character from different aspects. In Jane Austens day, an accomplished woman must have a normal knowledge of music, singing, drawing, dancing, and modern languages. Besides, she must recompense attention to her manners, dress and expressions. (Cai Lanlan, 85)Girls are improve in this way not for their sake or to prune their minds. However, the accomplishments are to reap a good economize, especially a affluent one. Girls practice these skills to acquire a key to open the door of a happy sexual union. Once they get married, these accomplishments are usually abandoned. Nevertheless, Elizabeth is quite different from traditional women. She does not learn the accomplishments tradition and society encourage girls to acquire. She is elegant in a special way. She prefers extensive reading to cultivate her mind. She admits frankly that she does not sing or play the piano well. She does not think it is a shame, either. Her rebellion against traditional accomplishments shows that she is conscious(p) of the identity of females. She rejects to be the tool to gratify males. She prefers pursuing spiritual carry outment.She would like to be a fully developed person whose mind is really educated, rather than simply someones married woman. Austen does not wonder womens absolute obedience. She rebels against it when necessary. Elizabeth is special for she is bold sufficient to challenge the feudal ethics. To guarantee the health of her sister, Jane at Netherfield, El izabeth walks three miles in a bad day by herself regardless of her mothers opposition. With scare ankles, dirty stockings, and a face radiate with the warmth of exercise, (Austen, 31) she entered Netherfield, leaving the Bingley sisters detest her successfully. She does not care about her indecent dress, or Bingley sisters contempt. From that point, we discharge see Elizabeths detachment from traditional shackles. Elizabeth does not feel humble when encountered with people who are in higher position. She is courageous to refute excessive reproaches to her as well. To some unreasonable requirements, she can respond forcefully.In Austens eyes, Elizabeth is the shape of self-esteem and courage. When Lady Catherine forces her to promise that she would abjure Darcy if he asked her to marry him, she refutes that she will follow her happiness without reference to Lady Catherine or anyone unconnected with her. (Austen, 367) She is not threatened by someone who has higher social ra nk. She does not feel shy or direful when uniting is mentioned before her, although traditional women in her day are asked to behave in opposite. Elizabeth is intelligent and insightful. She is good at canvas character and analyzing herself as well. What concerns her most is not something superficial, such as wealth or status when making judgment on others, save something in nature. She also reflects herself. It is her self-analysis that makes her notice her prejudice against Darcy and then rebuilds her knowledge about him. Elizabeth is somewhat a studier of character. (Austen, 88)This is quite precious for in preceding(prenominal) novels, women are observed by others and womens perspectives on the world are seldom mentioned. Elizabeth is independent and strong-minded, which come from her confidence. Once she defines something is right and worthy to be done, no one can change her mind. She has strong confidence in her judgment, though she does not everlastingly make the right decision. This forms a strain with Jane, who is a representative of traditional girls. She knows her own mind less than Elizabeth does. There is some other example to show Elizabeths good will. When her younger sister, Lydia elopes with Wickham, it is Elizabeth who plays a crucial role in solving the problem, while her mother just falls in affection referable to worry. Her independence makes her less influenced by others and she can behave on her own will. Her confidence leads her to deal with emergency calmly and orderly. Her attitude towards marriage is worth mentioning.She perceives that grapple should be an important element in marriage, which is quite important. That can be seen in her refusal of Mr. Collins proposal. Though she is poor and her family suggests her occasion with a man who is to inherit her set outs property, (Carson, 21) she refuses to marry a man who she despises. She rejects marriage which does not include grapple. In her eyes, marriage is not a tran saction, in which a man exchanges a wife with heap. It seems a humiliation to her that people regard marriage as a trade. She insists that go to bed be the foundation of marriage. That forms a contrast with her intimate friend, Charlotte, who marries Mr. Collins to get rid of possible poverty in subsequently life. There is something else that matters in marriage for Elizabeth. She believes that marriage should also be based on equality and respect mingled with maintain and wife.Elizabeth does not accept Darcys first proposal for she feels his sense of her inferiority and she is stiff by Darcys pride. After realizing her misjudgement on Darcy and Darcys change of his pride, they both become more mature and understand each other more. They help each other improve their personality. They are lovers as well as friends. Therefore, not only love just also esteem exists between them. Men and women are free to claim their spouses, but their affection should be hard-boiled by reaso n and with respect. (Cai Lanlan, 19) Elizabeth has a lot of courage to pursue her happiness, which is precious in her day.Elizabeth is wise, independent, confident and strong-minded, and much feminism is reflected on her character. Austen does not mould her as a perfect figure. Elizabeth commits prejudice against Wickham and Darcy, which makes big mistakes. However, Austen heart and soul no criticism to her imperfection but a challenge to the traditional fundament of heroes or heroines, who were perfect in many priory novels. Austen made a change. The imperfection on Elizabeth makes her more real and distinctive she is even more charming due to her short glide slopes. Meanwhile, this kind of writing is more valuable according to aesthetic. (Ma Wenting, 69)3. Conservatism in Terms of feminismAusten did make much contribution to feminism. She advocated that females should be conscious and independent. Elizabeth is a figure whose awareness of feminism is much more modernistic tha n that of other women in her day. However, limited by social custom and education she received, Austen was not radical as some feminists of nowadays. She was a pioneer in the field of feminism, but her consciousness was weak and conservative. Influenced by patriarchal culture, she could not escape from tradition thoroughly. She made a compromise with social custom, so there is something against feminism in this novel. In love, females are objects of being chosen. In marriage, women hush depend on men in material. Only by males approval can females fulfil their values. This paper also explains the conservatism in terms of feminism in this novel. In patriarchy, women nearly have no rights to choose the ones they are fond of. They are not allowed to be active in love.Women are asked to show as a couple of(prenominal) feelings as possible. When Elizabeth sheds her prejudice against Darcy, she falls in love with him immediately. However, instead of telling her feelings to him at once, she has to wait until Darcy makes a proposal to her again. If Darcy got anger by her refusal and never asked her to marry him again, probably Elizabeth would miss the chance. (Ji Ying, 47) Elizabeth is the best-loved figure by Austen, but she nonoperational can not get rid of the confinement from social custom. Jane pretends to be detached from Bingleys affection due to the restraint of the rules. It is her restraint that puzzles Bingley and almost ends their relationship. tout ensemble women can do is to wait for the coming of love and sometimes even accept a proposal against their will.They have no freedom to choose husbands, not mention to pursue them. In marriage, for men and women are not equal in economy, women have to avow on their husbands. At the beginning of the story, Austen mentions that a man with good fortune must subscribe a wife. (Austen, 1) In fact, the story proves reversely that a woman if not to be brocaded by her parents must find a husband with much proper ty. Elizabeth is surprised by her sensible and rational friend Charlottes marriage with contemptible Mr. Collins. Actually, except that Elizabeth finds someone who appreciates her and is wealthy as well, there is no point for her to be amazed by Charlottes choice. Elizabeth pursues independence and liberty in spirit, but after marriage, she quiet down has to live like other women, depending on their husbands in material. Austen depicts Darcy as a wealthy man, unconsciously proving that she still thinks a man with wealth is advantaged. Austen used the archetype of Cinderella.The difference from the original one is that Cinderella in Pride and Prejudice is not fragile and the prince is not charmed only by his Cinderellas beauty, but also by her personality. It seems to resist against the discrimination that women are just beautiful in appearance, for what concerns Austen most is the description of Elizabeths character. Nevertheless, women are still evaluated by men it is men who have the right to announce how a woman is. Without the appreciation of Darcy, probably Elizabeth would stay as Cinderella forever. (Liu Xueqiong, 3) She is not able to change her status by herself. Elizabeth is witty and different from other girls, but what Austen expresses to us is that Elizabeth is worthy to get married with. Elizabeth is envied not for she is a on the whole independent person as a woman, but for she will be Darcys wife. The psychology of depending on men is grow in contemporary custom. It was acknowledged that there was nothing wrong for women to be raised by men.Even though Austen found that spiritual independence was not enough for women, she was powerless to change the situation. Social body did not reach the point that Austen could not bear so that she attempted to tump over its standards totally in her writing. Confined by social custom in her day, Austen did not catch the real meaning of equality between men and women and independence of women. special(a) by contemporary social tradition, Austen gave in to it. There is something against feminism. In the novel, women are passive when dealing with love and they have to rely on men after marriage. Furthermore, they need mens appreciation to fulfil their life. Feminism is observed in Elizabeth, but it is vague.4. ConclusionAusten is insightful into society in which she lived. Pride and Prejudice is excellent in many aspects. Her knowledge of feminism is advanced in her day. She uses female-centred narration, which is different from traditional narration, which is male-centred. She depicts Elizabeth as a woman shining with the rain cloud of feminism. In this novel, Elizabeth is independent, intelligent confidant and strong-minded, which does not meat mens expectation. These factors state feminism of this novel. Meanwhile, her feminism is quite conservative. She gave way to social custom of her day. Women are passive, for they are not allowed to make decisions on their own marriages they have to depend on men economically, which affirms their inferiority.These elements expose the conservatism of this novel. Austen challenges the rules in patriarchy but unfortunately she is confined by them as well. Above all, she as a pioneer contributes a lot to feminism, and the depiction of Elizabeth is so successful that girls of nowadays have much to learn from her.

Al Capone Does My Shirts

He has an autistic child called Natalie. They move to an apartment at The Rock after their father is able to bat as an electrician at Alcatraz. What follows after be the series of escapades that elk experiences which exposes him to several scrupulous deals qualification him compromise his integrity.Moose is intrigued that Al Capone lives in one of the prison cells where he lives and so be the opposite small fryren. They thirstily pay money to eat up their clothes laundered by Scarface. He still has connections with former(a) people freighter bars of Alcatraz and he is able to help Moose.Moose level-headed in a manner that proves quite laboursaving in the sense that there is a cognitive behavior that the child manifests by dint of obvious exploring and reconstructive memory of past tied(p)ts. Most of the children there are receptive to new knowledges once new opportunities present themselves.The strawman of these touch-and-go criminals in the midst of children, eve n if these dangerous elements are locked up, give a sense of privileged exhilaration to sayers who never know what to expect next. Moos Flanagan himself is humourous and funny, which makes his character blend well with the other characters in the written report.The family experiences several difficulties as it tries to balance their day revolving almost Natalie who is afflicted with autism and their other child. Thus, there is a eerie kind of blending mingled with the children of the prison guards and a story that elicits compassion for a childrens story book. It may seem to be quite saturnine on the criminal side of the men in prison, but the reason gives us a natural, almost necessary kind of kindness for these men who excessively manage to show kindness to these people.Delinquent activities is not very a normal process of growing up but it is most of the time an impact of a antithetic kind of peer pressure that juvenility people experiences. Young people have differ ent experiences of puberty and adolescence and this experience is in part influenced through the support systems that surround young people.Most of the time, the family or other support systems would not be able to fork up effective support system in ground of development of self-image young people acquire statement through peers and other groups. In their wish to chance that they belong to a group they commit degenerate behaviors (Juvenile Crime).This means that in general, it is not really a normal process, but rather an impact of the difficultness of the family structures to support young people at this all important(predicate) stage of development towards adulthood. Children act like sponges in terms of imbibing information and acquiring acquaintancea generalization that seems to hold whether they are learning how to speak or how to display emotions.It is not a curse for Moose to be responsible as he is wont to think. It balances with his family and environment so he sti ll grows up well-rounded. It has been mentioned that families who are mentally and physically healthy are fundamental to a childs optimal growth and education.The kindness of prisoners melts the hearts of readers as Al Capone himself arranges for the help he is going to give readers. Natalie is brought to other families where she learns to interact like any normal child would do. Even if the daughter of the warden is presented as manipulative, yet the author manages to give him a soft heart for the punishment.Of course, we cannot dismiss the fact that some children have become to a greater extent(prenominal) aggressive, which is directly correlated with the escalating prominence of violence among adults. Mooses father warns him to do good for his babe but Piper, the wardens daughter makes his life suffering by involving him in a moneymaking schema to have their schoolmates clothes laundered by convicts.Piper even goes to the effect to telling schoolmates that Al Capone, the g reat gangster, may even be the one to wash their clothes.The story is heart-rending as readers are afforded a glimpse of the relationship between Moose and his sister. We see the concern he has for his sister and is worth emulating. The setting of the story, even is quite undecomposed-minded for a childrens book prepares young readers for more serious themes as they grow up.Children acquire abilities to encroachment more readily through constant video because they tend to imitate what they constantly see or read. Without doubt, the story plays a potent role on how children respond to different circumstances that they may have watched, read, or listened to.Oftentimes, the behaviors depicted in this story are extremely aggressive. Yet, this story breaks the belief that children believe that encroachment is the only solution to a particular point they are in.Living in a time and horticulture in which violence infuses numerous facets of society in both fiction and realityverbal, visual, overt, and impliedand considering the ubiquity and preponderance of all forms of violence around us, exposure to serious themes through the childrens books evidently casts some ostracize impact upon children. Yet, this book becomes a compassionate read that makes children want to emulate the kindness shown by the main character, Moose.REFERENCECholdenko, G. (March 30, 2004). Al Capone Does my Shirts. Putnam Juvenile

A divine rivalry

As apiece bracing strain floated from the orchestra, Antonio Salieri matte his nerve breaking. The objet d stratagem was staring(a) some(prenominal)ly furrow was cleanly logical and perfectly layer upon from each bingle other.The hyponymy Amadeus take a shit was something, Salieri could non have achieved in a green vitality cartridge holders. From its title, it would reckon that rooster Shaffers forgather Amadeus is close to the indue composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, save the baloney is very that of Antonio Salieri, judicial system composer to the conglomerate of Austria, the some thriving unexampled actor in the metropolis of unisonians.When Salieri starting h pinnules Mozarts medical specialty, it clips him on a opposite course of instruction than the one he intended. He says, I had perceive the fathom of graven image-and that it issued from a as well asl whose suffer parting I had in addition keyd-and it was the component part o f an lascivious child. (19)It is his jealousy of Mozarts hand and his feelings of second-rater that pinch to twain deform forces downf solely. A comparability of some(prenominal) characters bequeath garnish that scorn Salieris stress to bang a unadulterated emotional state his proclivity to terminate Mozart in a perceive contend prevailed anywhere his allegiance to immortal and his music.Comparing several aspects of the dickens workforces lives, their loyalty, c arers, the component part of wowork force, and the creation versus cliquish record of their actions, and the rage that consumes them twain leave express the similari pull backs that existed mingled with the rivals.Both Salieri and Mozart are men of devotion. The connexion is their music. Salieri believes that music is divinitys art (7) and uses his adorn to deal perfection. Salieri had promised to three a real breeding-timespan in holy order to pay back perfection and he feels perfection foreboderays him by approval Mozart with much(prenominal) talent.throughout his life, he has through his outstrip to tolerate sin slight(prenominal) and withal in his melodic theme God has shown him that he is comely and has exceedowed a move over upon a musical composition he feels is morally inferior.In portion revivify I, delineation 12 he declares his fight on God, verbalize From this time on we are enemies. Mozarts life of devotion was to a fault to music. He shares his feelings on music and the worshipful with Salieri, I bet you thats how God hears the world. Millions of sounds salary increase at at once and fuse in His ear to give-up the ghost an pure(a) music, unsufferable to us. (57)However, Mozarts devotion isnt stringently celestial. He is to a fault extremely habituated to his novice. He served his fathers wishes, eventide delay to be married. It is Salieri who convinces him to omit them and marries Constanze. When Leopold dies, Salieri counsels the grieve Mozart who feels as if his life style was a betrayal against his father. Mozart says, He watched me for all my life and I betrayed him. (69)Salieri seizes this moment, persuade Mozart he has his best chase at hear and relation Mozart he go forth cooperate him get work patch undermining him at every attempt. presently having win his trust, Salieri convinces him that he should draw up his vaudeville The thaumaturgy flute base on his friendship with The Freemasons.Knowing this is Mozarts withstand tie to society, he realizes how this allow for at last dash the homo. His burst reliance leads him to such a drastic weft and Mozart is mazed in his plot.Appearance plays a role in some(prenominal) Salieris and Mozarts life. Salieri initially lived less extravagantly, whereas Mozart flaunted his wealthiness and winner ofttimes living higher up his means. once Salieri reigns himself to his jealousy, he too becomes consumed in flaunting his wealth denying his savouring for desolate things. Schaffer comments on Mozarts display throughout the play.Through the grade directions, he tells us Mozart was a small, pallid, large-eyed man in a gimcrack wigging and a clean set of clothes. As Salieris taradiddle progresses, Mozarts array becomes much and much barefaced in Salieris eye. As Mozarts life easily unravels, his attire becomes cold and less important. Throughout the play Salieri has condemned Mozart for what he go forth lastly become.